{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:27:27Z","timestamp":1761629247201,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017170","name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["49891\/4759802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["49891\/4759802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017170","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer cases are on the rise and have become a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is widely used in traditional herbal medicine and has been proposed as a potential treatment for colorectal cancer. This study aimed to explore the network pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of ginger in colorectal cancer treatment. Colorectal cancer patient data from the GEO dataset were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Six key components of ginger were selected based on specific criteria, and their target proteins were predicted using the TCMSP database. By overlapping DEGs with predicted targets, 36 candidate drug targets were identified. These targets were analyzed for biological alterations, pathway enrichment, protein\u2013protein interactions, and hub-gene selection, integrating network pharmacology. Molecular docking simulations were conducted to confirm the binding interactions between ginger components and target proteins. The findings showed that GABAergic signaling and apoptosis were the most enriched pathways, suggesting their potential role in colorectal cancer treatment. Docking simulations further revealed that ginger\u2019s active compounds bind to COX2 and ESR1, indicating anti-inflammatory effects and modulation of estrogenic activity. This study provides insight into the systemic mechanisms of ginger in colorectal cancer treatment through an integrated \u201cdrug\u2013gene\u2013pathway\u2013disease\u201d network approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics12040116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:51:42Z","timestamp":1761526302000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Computational Analysis of Zingiber officinale Identifies GABAergic Signaling as a Potential Therapeutic Mechanism in Colorectal Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Suthipong","family":"Chujan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8405-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nutsira","family":"Vajeethaveesin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"},{"name":"Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3642-262X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jutamaad","family":"Satayavivad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Environmental Toxicology Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2021.2433","article-title":"General Insight into Cancer: An Overview of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sifaki-Pistolla, D., Poimenaki, V., Fotopoulou, I., Saloustros, E., Mavroudis, D., Vamvakas, L., and Lionis, C. (2022). Significant Rise of Colorectal Cancer Incidence in Younger Adults and Strong Determinants: 30 Years Longitudinal Differences between Under and Over 50s. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194799"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Didkowska, J., Wojciechowska, U., Michalek, I.M., and Caetano dos Santos, F.L. (2022). Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Poland in 2019. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14779-6"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e318294ed6b","article-title":"Management and Outcomes of Bowel Obstruction in Patients with Stage IV Colon Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"56","author":"Winner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2012.09.014","article-title":"Prospective of Colon Cancer Treatments and Scope for Combinatorial Approach to Enhanced Cancer Cell Apoptosis","volume":"86","author":"Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228673","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-228673","article-title":"Severe Rhabdomyolysis Related to Oxaliplatin Adjuvant Therapy for Colorectal Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Pissarra","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2946-6-13","article-title":"TCMSP: A Database of Systems Pharmacology for Drug Discovery from Herbal Medicines","volume":"6","author":"Ru","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cheminform."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.9b00031","article-title":"Extended Multitarget Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs","volume":"59","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, A.C. (2020). Traditional Chinese Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68864-0_60"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Q.Y., Wang, F.X., Jia, K.K., and Kong, L.D. (2018). Natural Product Interventions for Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy-Induced Side Effects. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01253"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unuofin, J.O., Masuku, N.P., Paimo, O.K., and Lebelo, S.L. (2021). Ginger from Farmyard to Town: Nutritional and Pharmacological Applications. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.779352"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Kou, X., Zhao, H., Mak, K.K., Balijepalli, M.K., and Pichika, M.R. (2022). Zingiber officinale var. rubrum: Red Ginger\u2019s Medicinal Uses. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030775"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"621423","article-title":"Network Pharmacology: A New Approach for Chinese Herbal Medicine Research. Evid.-Based Complement","volume":"2013","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2020.101810","article-title":"Quantitative Knowledge Presentation Models of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): A Review","volume":"103","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7131","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902232106","article-title":"Association of Survival and Disease Progression with Chromosomal Instability: A Genomic Exploration of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"106","author":"Sheffer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01697-5","article-title":"COLONOMICS-Integrative Omics Data of One Hundred Paired Normal-Tumoral Samples from Colon Cancer Patients","volume":"9","author":"Cordero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty721","article-title":"ImaGEO: Integrative Gene Expression Meta-Analysis from GEO Database","volume":"35","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W32","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku293","article-title":"SwissTargetPrediction: A Web Server for Target Prediction of Bioactive Small Molecules","volume":"42","author":"Gfeller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennis, G., Sherman, B.T., Hosack, D.A., Yang, J., Gao, W., Lane, H.C., and Lempicki, R.A. (2003). DAVID: Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. Genome Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-5-p3"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","article-title":"KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes","volume":"28","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bader, G.D., and Hogue, C.W. (2003). An Automated Method for Finding Molecular Complexes in Large Protein Interaction Networks. BMC Bioinform., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-4-2"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W270","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr366","article-title":"SwissDock, a Protein-Small Molecule Docking Web Service Based on EADock DSS","volume":"39","author":"Grosdidier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e38173","article-title":"Bioinformatics Analysis Based on Extracted Ingredients Combined with Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation to Explore the Mechanism of Jinbei Oral Liquid in the Therapy of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2018.0021","article-title":"Colon Cancer, Version 2.2018: Featured Updates to the NCCN Guidelines","volume":"16","author":"Benson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.022145","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Colon Cancer by Family History of Colorectal Cancer","volume":"95","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"141","article-title":"Drug Resistance and Combating Drug Resistance in Cancer","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2108","article-title":"Traditional Chinese Medicine as a Cancer Treatment: Modern Perspectives of Ancient but Advanced Science","volume":"8","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.10.010","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery and Development","volume":"26","author":"Paul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3390\/cells2040635","article-title":"Systems Biology as an Integrated Platform for Bioinformatics, Systems Synthetic Biology, and Systems Metabolic Engineering","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandran, U., Mehendale, N., Patil, S., Chaguturu, R., and Patwardhan, B. (2017). Network Pharmacology. Innovative Approaches in Drug Discovery, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801814-9.00005-2"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"3528732","article-title":"Study on the Prognosis Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment in DR Patients Based on the Perspective of Network Pharmacology","volume":"2022","author":"Man","year":"2022","journal-title":"CMMI"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7479518","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7479518","article-title":"The Protective Effect of Dietary Phytosterols on Cancer Risk: A Systematic Meta-Analysis","volume":"2019","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.05.013","article-title":"\u03b2-Sitosterol as a Promising Anticancer Agent for Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action and Future Prospects","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajavel, T., Packiyaraj, P., Suryanarayanan, V., Singh, S.K., Ruckmani, K., and Pandima Devi, K. (2018). \u03b2-Sitosterol Targets Trx\/Trx1 Reductase to Induce Apoptosis in A549 Cells via ROS Mediated Mitochondrial Dysregulation and p53 Activation. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20311-6"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"2797","article-title":"Beta-Sitosterol Inhibits HT-29 Human Colon Cancer Cell Growth and Alters Membrane Lipids","volume":"16","author":"Awad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17599","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M602641200","article-title":"Caspase-2 Triggers Bax-Bak-Dependent and -Independent Cell Death in Colon Cancer Cells Treated with Resveratrol","volume":"281","author":"Mohan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6016272","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6016272","article-title":"Activation of GABAB Receptor Suppresses Diabetic Neuropathic Pain through Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway in the Spinal Dorsal Horn","volume":"2018","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.58135","article-title":"GABAB Receptor Inhibits Tumor Progression and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via the Regulation of Hippo\/YAP1 Pathway in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14498","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.6102","article-title":"Insights into the Leveraging of GABAergic Signaling in Cancer Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Ren, L., Li, W., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Ge, B., Yang, H., Du, G., Tang, B., and Wang, H. (2023). GABAergic Signaling as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Cancers. Biomed. Pharmacother., 161.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114410"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2009.201.212","article-title":"Neuroprotective Evaluation of Extract of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Root in Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Toxicity in Different Brain Areas Male Albino Rats","volume":"12","author":"Waggas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schepici, G., Contestabile, V., Valeri, A., and Mazzon, E. (2021). Ginger, a Possible Candidate for the Treatment of Dementias?. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185700"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2590","article-title":"Is Cancer Triggered by Altered Signalling of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors?","volume":"9","author":"Schuller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200316147","article-title":"Rapid Akt Activation by Nicotine and A Tobacco Carcinogen Modulates the Phenotype of Normal Human Airway Epithelial Cells","volume":"111","author":"West","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23231","article-title":"GABA B Receptor is a Novel Drug Target for Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"112","author":"Schuller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2014.12.001","article-title":"GABA and GABA Receptors in the Gastrointestinal Tract: From Motility to Inflammation","volume":"93","author":"Auteri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"97","article-title":"Nongenomic Beta Estrogen Receptors Enhance Nicotine-Induced Proliferation in Human Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Cells","volume":"65","author":"Majidi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2225","article-title":"Nicotine Stimulates Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts by Systemic Increase in Stress Neurotransmitters and Suppression of GABA","volume":"28","author":"Schuller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gargalionis, A.N., Papavassiliou, K.A., and Papavassiliou, A.G. (2021). Targeting STAT3 Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9081016"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.07971","article-title":"Inhibition of JAK1, 2\/STAT3 Signaling Induces Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Reduces Tumor Cell Invasion in Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhode, J., Fogoros, S., Zick, S., Wahl, H., A Griffith, K., Huang, J., and Liu, J.R. (2007). Ginger Inhibits Cell Growth and Modulates Angiogenic Factors in Ovarian Cancer Cells. BMC Complement Altern. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-7-44"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00991.x","article-title":"6-Shogaol, an Active Constituent of Ginger, Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Invasion by Reducing Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression via Blockade of Nuclear Factor-\u03baB Activation","volume":"161","author":"Ling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, Q.Q., Xu, X.Y., Cao, S.Y., Gan, R.Y., Corke, H., Beta, T., and Li, H.B. (2019). Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8060185"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3153","article-title":"Ginger as an Anticolorectal Cancer Spice: A Systematic Review of In Vitro to Clinical Evidence","volume":"11","author":"Nachvak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2023.07.002","article-title":"Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) gene expression and its association with genes regulating the VEGF signaling pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Kamal","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32010","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 in Gastrointestinal Malignancies","volume":"125","author":"Nagaraju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.44439","article-title":"The Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Sheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballester, P., Cerd\u00e1, B., Arcusa, R., Marhuenda, J., Yamedjeu, K., and Zafrilla, P. (2022). Effect of Ginger on Inflammatory Diseases. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217223"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9536406","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9536406","article-title":"Antinociceptive Activity of Methanolic Extract of Clinacanthus nutans Leaves: Possible Mechanisms of Action Involved","volume":"2018","author":"Zakaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14569","article-title":"Natural Product-Driven Dual COX-LOX Inhibitors: Overview of Recent Studies on the Development of Novel Anti-Inflammatory Agents","volume":"9","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"96","article-title":"Ginger in Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials","volume":"7","author":"Maleki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arcusa, R., Villa\u00f1o, D., Marhuenda, J., Cano, M., Cerd\u00e0, B., and Zafrilla, P. (2022). Potential Role of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.809621"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P., Li, B., and Ou-Yang, L. (2022). Role of Estrogen Receptors in Health and Disease. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.839005"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, S.B., Cheng, Y.K., Deng, R., Deng, Y., Li, P., Zhang, L., and Lan, P. (2020). The Predictive Value of Estrogen Receptor 1 on Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis with Independent Validation and Its Potential Mechanism. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00214"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caiazza, F., Ryan, E.J., Doherty, G., Winter, D.C., and Sheahan, K. (2015). Estrogen Receptors and Their Implications in Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Front. Oncol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2015.00019"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lechner, J.F., and Stoner, G.D. (2019). Gingers and Their Purified Components as Cancer Chemopreventative Agents. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24162859"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2017.03.006","article-title":"[10]-Gingerol, a Major Phenolic Constituent of Ginger Root, Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"102","author":"Bernard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/12\/4\/116\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:20:32Z","timestamp":1761628832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/12\/4\/116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics12040116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics12040116","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9709"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]}}}