{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:17:40Z","timestamp":1765808260464,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are obstetric complications associated with placental dysfunction, which represent a public health problem due to high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Early detection is crucial for timely interventions. Therefore, this study proposes the development of models based on fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM) optimized with metaheuristic algorithms (particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GA)) for the prediction of PE and IUGR. The results showed that FCM-PSO applied to the PE dataset achieved excellent performance (accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-Score = 1.0). The FCM-GA model excelled in predicting IUGR with an accuracy and F1-Score of 0.97. Our proposed models outperformed those reported in the literature to predict PE and IUGR. Analysis of the relationships between nodes allowed for the identification of influential variables such as sFlt-1, sFlt-1\/PlGF, and uterine Doppler parameters, in accordance with the pathophysiology of placental disorders. FCM optimized with PSO and GA offer a viable clinical alternative as a medical decision support system due to their ability to explore nonlinear relationships and interpretability of variables. In addition, they are suitable for scenarios where low computational resource consumption is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics12040141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T13:32:37Z","timestamp":1765805557000},"page":"141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combining Fuzzy Cognitive Maps and Metaheuristic Algorithms to Predict Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5776-5480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Paula","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n ISI, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Monter\u00eda 230002, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7855-3508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas David","family":"D\u00edaz-Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n ISI, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Monter\u00eda 230002, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenia","family":"Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria del \u00c1rea Andina, Bogot\u00e1 110211, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9224-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethia","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria del \u00c1rea Andina, Bogot\u00e1 110211, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5935-8862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas, Universidad del Sin\u00fa, Monter\u00eda 230002, Colombia"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Monter\u00eda 230002, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9165-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Hoyos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n ISI, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Monter\u00eda 230002, Colombia"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas, Universidad del Sin\u00fa, Monter\u00eda 230002, Colombia"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, Monter\u00eda 230002, Colombia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-019-09694-w","article-title":"Reconciling the distinct roles of angiogenic\/anti-angiogenic factors in the placenta and maternal circulation of normal and pathological pregnancies","volume":"23","author":"Umapathy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000477903","article-title":"Update on the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Preeclampsia with the Aid of the sFlt-1\/PlGF Ratio in Singleton Pregnancies","volume":"43","author":"Herraiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. 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