{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T12:08:25Z","timestamp":1776773305877,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation, State Research Agency, Spain","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid adoption of generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems has transformed health information seeking, raising questions about their role as intermediaries in non-professional health self-consultation. This study compares Google Search and ChatGPT as paradigmatic models of algorithmic mediation of health information, focusing on accuracy, biases, information quality and potential harms. A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR framework. Empirical studies published between 2023 and 2025 were retrieved from PubMed\/MEDLINE, Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus. After screening and eligibility assessment, 63 original empirical studies were included. The results indicate that ChatGPT consistently outperforms Google Search in terms of factual accuracy and information quality, achieving moderate to high DISCERN scores (4\u20135 out of 5) and showing moderate to strong correlations with expert clinical evaluations. Users also tend to value ChatGPT responses positively due to their clarity, coherence and perceived empathy. However, these advantages coexist with significant structural limitations. Hallucinations are reported in an estimated 31\u201345% of references, source provenance remains opaque, linguistic complexity is high, and actionability is limited, with only around 40% of responses providing clearly actionable guidance. In contrast, Google Search offers greater source traceability and verifiability, but at the cost of fragmented information and higher exposure to commercial content. The review identifies critical research gaps related to behavioural impacts, critical health literacy, equity of access, professional integration and vulnerable contexts. Overall, the findings highlight the need for hybrid human\u2013AI models, professional mediation and critical AI literacy to ensure safe, equitable and trustworthy use of generative AI in public health communication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics13030041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T11:52:11Z","timestamp":1772711531000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dr. Google vs. Dr. ChatGPT in Online Health Self-Consultation: A Scoping Review of Accuracy, Bias, and Actionability (2023\u20132025)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0647-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Trillo-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9754-1177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Ignacio","family":"Martin-Neira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Communication, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago 755000, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0489-7674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Olvera-Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Communication Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2024). 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