{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:18:46Z","timestamp":1760242726331,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]],"date-time":"2016-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), efficient energy conservation is required to prolong the lifetime of the network. In this work, we have given emphasis on balanced energy consumption and energy holes avoidance. This paper proposes a multi-gateway-based approach to reduce the transmission distance between the sender and the sink node. The area to be monitored is divided into regions and gateway nodes are deployed at optimal positions. We have designed a transmission scheme, in which sensors in the sink region communicate directly to the sink, sensors in the gateway region communicate directly to the gateway, and sensors in the cluster region transmit their data directly to their respective cluster head which transmits data to the gateway in its region. If the distance between a cluster head and the sink is less than the distance between the cluster head and the gateway node, the cluster head transmits data to the sink instead of the gateway node. We have compared the proposed protocol with Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Gateway Based Energy Aware Multi-Hop Routing (M-GEAR), and Gateway Based Stable Election Protocol (GSEP) protocols. The protocol performs better than other protocols in terms of throughput, stability period, lifetime, residual energy, and the packet transmitted to the sink.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics3020005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]],"date-time":"2016-04-26T10:21:21Z","timestamp":1461666081000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multi-Gateway-Based Energy Holes Avoidance Routing Protocol for WSN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2296-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohini","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer &amp; Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daya","family":"Lobiyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer &amp; Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2002.1024422","article-title":"A survey on sensor networks","volume":"40","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/98.944004","article-title":"Sensor information networking architecture and applications","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Personal Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.14445\/22315381\/IJETT-V20P239","article-title":"Energy holes avoiding techniques in sensor networks: A survey","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Trends Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.07.380","article-title":"In Proficiency analysis of AODV, DSR and TORA ad-hoc routing protocols for energy holes problem in wireless sensor networks","volume":"57","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proced. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olariu, S., and Stojmenovic, I. (2006, January 23\u201329). Design guidelines for maximizing lifetime and avoiding energy holes in sensor networks with uniform distribution and uniform reporting. Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, IEEE INFOCOM 2006, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2006.296"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2007.70770","article-title":"Avoiding energy holes in wireless sensor networks with nonuniform node distribution","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2000, January 4\u20137). Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Performance evaluation of data aggregation for cluster-based wireless sensor network","volume":"3","author":"Sinha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Centric Comput. Inform. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Subir, H., Amrita, G., Sanjib, S., Avishek, D., and Sipra, D. (2009). Future Generation Information Technology, Springer-Verlag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-015-2535-7","article-title":"Energy efficient clustering and routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks: GA based approach","volume":"83","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadeem, Q., Rasheed, M., Javaid, N., Khan, Z.A., Maqsood, Y., and Din, A. (2013, January 28\u201330). M-GEAR: Gateway-based energy-aware multi-hop routing protocol for WSNs. Proceedings of the 2013 Eighth International Conference on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications (BWCCA), Compiegne, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/BWCCA.2013.35"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5121\/ijmnct.2014.4502","article-title":"Gateway based stable election multi hop routing protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"4","author":"Jain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mobile Netw. Commun. Telemat."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAHUC.2014.059900","article-title":"Parameter optimisation in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks under expected network lifetime","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiq. Comput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2015.070406","article-title":"Enable sustainable sensor networks with non-contact charging: Efficient deployment of energy hubs","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"59","article-title":"Hybrid AODV protocol for energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks","volume":"4","author":"Dhivya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Mobile Netw. Des. Innovat."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, R., and Lobiyal, D.K. (2015, January 19\u201320). Energy based proficiency analysis of ad-hoc routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computer Engineering and Applications (ICACEA), Ghaziabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACEA.2015.7164829"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2013.02.012","article-title":"Energy-efficient clustering in lossy wireless sensor networks","volume":"73","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2012.07.011","article-title":"A novel solution to the energy hole problem in sensor networks","volume":"36","author":"Watfa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.12.037","article-title":"Deployment guidelines for achieving maximum lifetime and avoiding energy holes in sensor network","volume":"230","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inform. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812013","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/812013","article-title":"Energy-balanced density control to avoid energy hole for wireless sensor networks","volume":"2012","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564386","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/564386","article-title":"A nonuniform sensor distribution strategy for avoiding energy holes in wireless sensor networks","volume":"2013","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Soro, S., and Heinzelman, W.B. (2005, January 4\u20138). Prolonging the lifetime of wireless sensor networks via unequal clustering. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, Denver, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2011.05.003","article-title":"Theoretical analysis of the lifetime and energy hole in cluster based wireless sensor networks","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796549","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/796549","article-title":"An energy-heterogeneous clustering scheme to avoid energy holes in wireless sensor networks","volume":"2013","author":"Bencan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2012.047714","article-title":"An energy-efficient adaptive clustering algorithm with load balancing for wireless sensor network","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Sharma, R., and Lobiyal, D.K. (2015, January 2\u20133). Region based energy balanced inter-cluster communication protocol for sensor networks. Proceedings of the National Conference on Computing, Communication and Information Processing (NCCCIP-2015), Nirjuli, India."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-013-1024-6","article-title":"Approximation schemes for load balanced clustering in wireless sensor networks","volume":"68","author":"Kuila","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kuila, P., and Jana, P.K. (2011). Advanced Computing, Networking and Security, Springer."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-013-0624-7","article-title":"Weighted relay node placement for wireless sensor network connectivity","volume":"20","author":"Bekmezci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-014-0782-2","article-title":"A distributed algorithm for energy efficient and fault tolerant routing in wireless sensor networks","volume":"21","author":"Azharuddin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2013.04.002","article-title":"A novel evolutionary approach for load balanced clustering problem for wireless sensor networks","volume":"12","author":"Kuila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Swarm Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eij.2015.03.001","article-title":"Energy efficient distributed cluster head scheduling scheme for two tiered wireless sensor network","volume":"16","author":"Kannan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egypt. Inform. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.5121\/ijwmn.2012.4412","article-title":"Multi-hop clustering protocol using gateway nodes in wireless sensor network","volume":"4","author":"Taruna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Wirel. Mobile Netw."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementation of multi-hop cluster based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks","volume":"59","author":"Koteswararao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"and Rupinder, K. (2015). Gateway Based Multi-Hop Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks. Int. J. UbiComp., 6.","DOI":"10.5121\/iju.2015.6402"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2013.05.011","article-title":"Towards efficient dynamic surface gateway deployment for underwater network","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/3\/2\/5\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:22:54Z","timestamp":1760210574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/3\/2\/5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics3020005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics3020005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9709"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]]}}}