{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:19:19Z","timestamp":1776115159731,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCHU 887\/14-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHU 887\/14-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are many expressive visualization techniques for analyzing graphs. Yet, there is only little research on how existing visual representations can be employed to support data editing. An increasingly relevant task when working with graphs is the editing of node attributes. We propose an integrated visualize-and-edit approach to editing attribute values via direct interaction with the visual representation. The visualize part is based on node-link diagrams paired with attribute-dependent layouts. The edit part is as easy as moving nodes via drag-and-drop gestures. We present dedicated interaction techniques for editing quantitative as well as qualitative attribute data values. The benefit of our novel integrated approach is that one can directly edit the data while the visualization constantly provides feedback on the implications of the data modifications. Preliminary user feedback indicates that our integrated approach can be a useful complement to standard non-visual editing via external tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics3040017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,3]],"date-time":"2016-10-03T10:17:01Z","timestamp":1475489821000},"page":"17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Direct Visual Editing of Node Attributes in Graphs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Eichner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, University of Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 22, Rostock D-18059, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Gladisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, J.-Jungius-Str. 11, Rostock D-18059, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heidrun","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, University of Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 22, Rostock D-18059, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7704-355X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Tominski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, University of Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 22, Rostock D-18059, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1145\/2133806.2133821","article-title":"Interactive Dynamics for Visual Analysis","volume":"55","author":"Heer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871611415994","article-title":"Research Directions in Data Wrangling: Visualizations and Transformations for Usable and Credible Data","volume":"10","author":"Kandel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inf. Vis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baudel, T. (2006, January 15\u201318). From Information Visualization to Direct Manipulation: Extending a Generic Visualization Framework for the Interactive Editing of Large Datasets. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST), Montreux, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1145\/1166253.1166265"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871611413180","article-title":"Fluid Interaction for Information Visualization","volume":"10","author":"Elmqvist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inf. Vis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1983.1654471","article-title":"Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages","volume":"16","author":"Shneiderman","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Comput."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Hadlak, S., Schumann, H., and Schulz, H.J. (2015, January 25\u201329). A Survey of Multi-Faceted Graph Visualization. Proceedings of the Eurographics Conference on Visualization (EuroVis)\u2014STARs, Cagliari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Battista, G.D., Eades, P., Tamassia, R., and Tollis, I.G. (1998). Graph Drawing: Algorithms for the Visualization of Graphs, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Henry, N. (2008). Exploring Large Social Networks with Matrix-Based Representations. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2007.70582","article-title":"NodeTrix: A Hybrid Visualization of Social Networks","volume":"13","author":"Henry","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, R., and Card, S.K. (1994, January 24\u201328). The Table Lens: Merging Graphical and Symbolic Representations in an Interactive Focus+Context Visualization for Tabular Information. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/191666.191776"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Cleveland, W.C., and McGill, M.E. (1988). Dynamic Graphics for Statistics, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Inselberg, A., and Dimsdale, B. (1990, January 23\u201326). Parallel Coordinates: A Tool for Visualizing Multi-dimensional Geometry. Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization Conference (Vis), San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Kerren, A., Purchase, H.C., and Ward, M.O. (2014). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2013.12.002","article-title":"Visualization Techniques for Categorical Analysis of Social Networks with Multiple Edge Sets","volume":"37","author":"Crnovrsanin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jusufi, I., Dingjie, Y., and Kerren, A. (2010, January 26\u201329). The Network Lens: Interactive Exploration of Multivariate Networks Using Visual Filtering. Proceedings of the International Conference Information Visualisation (IV), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/IV.2010.15"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2006.166","article-title":"Network Visualization by Semantic Substrates","volume":"12","author":"Shneiderman","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01687.x","article-title":"GraphDice: A System for Exploring Multivariate Social Networks","volume":"29","author":"Bezerianos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, E.M., Milic-Frayling, N., Smith, M.A., Shneiderman, B., and Hansen, D.L. (2011, January 9\u201311). Group-in-a-Box Layout for Multi-Faceted Analysis of Communities. Proceedings of the International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust and Inernational Conference on Social Computing (PASSAT\/SocialCom), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PASSAT\/SocialCom.2011.139"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346441","article-title":"Multivariate Network Exploration and Presentation: From Detail to Overview via Selections and Aggregations","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2009.06.002","article-title":"CGV\u2014An Interactive Graph Visualization System","volume":"33","author":"Tominski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Baldonado, M.Q., Woodruff, A., and Kuchinsky, A. (2000, January 24\u201326). Guidelines for Using Multiple Views in Information Visualization. Proceedings of the Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI), Palermo, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/345513.345271"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Tominski, C. (2015). Synthesis Lectures on Visualization, Morgan & Claypool."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Sedig, K., and Parsons, P. (2016). Synthesis Lectures on Visualization, Morgan & Claypool."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Spence, R. (2007). Information Visualization: Design for Interaction, Prentice-Hall. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2011.586724","article-title":"The Promise of Zoomable User Interfaces","volume":"30","author":"Bederson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tominski, C., Gladisch, S., Kister, U., Dachselt, R., and Schumann, H. (2016). Interactive Lenses for Visualization: An Extended Survey. Comput. Graph. Forum, in press.","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12871"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Raisamo, J., Raisamo, R., and Karkkainnen, P. (2004, January 16). A Method for Interactive Graph Manipulation. Proceedings of the International Conference Information Visualisation (IV), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spritzer, A.S., and Freitas, C.M.D.S. (2008, January 28\u201330). A Physics-Based Approach for Interactive Manipulation of Graph Visualizations. Proceedings of the Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI), Naples, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1385569.1385613"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.151","article-title":"Interaction Techniques for Selecting and Manipulating Subgraphs in Network Visualizations","volume":"15","author":"McGuffin","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riche, N.H., Dwyer, T., Lee, B., and Carpendale, S. (2012, January 22\u201325). Exploring the Design Space of Interactive Link Curvature in Network Diagrams. Proceedings of the Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI), Capri Island (Naples), Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/2254556.2254652"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: A Software Environment for Integrated Models of Biomolecular Interaction Networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adar, E. (2006, January 22\u201327). GUESS: A Language and Interface for Graph Exploration. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124889"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Mathieu, B., Heymann, S., and Jacomy, M. (2009, January 17\u201320). Gephi: An Open Source Software for Exploring and Manipulating Networks. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM), San Jose, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Auber, D., Archambault, D., Bourqui, R., Lambert, A., Mathiaut, M., Mary, P., Delest, M., Dubois, J., and Melan\u00e7on, G. (2012). The Tulip 3 Framework: A Scalable Software Library for Information Visualization Applications Based on Relational Data, INRIA. Research Report RR-7860."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grundy, J., and Hosking, J. (2007, January 20\u201326). Supporting Generic Sketching-Based Input of Diagrams in a Domain-Specific Visual Language Meta-Tool. Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2007.81"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frisch, M., Heydekorn, J., and Dachselt, R. (2010, January 9\u201311). Diagram Editing on Interactive Displays Using Multi-touch and Pen Gestures. Proceedings of the International Conference on Diagrammatic Representation and Inference (Diagrams), Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14600-8_18"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12394","article-title":"Semi-Automatic Editing of Graphs with Customized Layouts","volume":"33","author":"Gladisch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Gladisch, S., Schumann, H., Luboschik, M., and Tominski, C. (2015, January 25\u201330). Toward Using Matrix Visualizations for Graph Editing. Poster at IEEE Conference on Information Visualization (InfoVis), Chicago, IL, USA."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Gladisch, S., and Tominski, C. (2014, January 9\u201314). Toward Integrated Exploration and Manipulation of Data Attributes in Graphs. Poster at IEEE Conference on Information Visualization (InfoVis), Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2008.109","article-title":"A Framework of Interaction Costs in Information Visualization","volume":"14","author":"Lam","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Vermeulen, J., Luyten, K., van den Hoven, E., and Coninx, K. (May, January 27). Crossing the Bridge over Norman\u2019s Gulf of Execution: Revealing Feedforward\u2019s True Identity. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1179\/000870403235002042","article-title":"ColorBrewer.org: An Online Tool for Selecting Color Schemes for Maps","volume":"40","author":"Harrower","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2008.152","article-title":"Particle-Based Labeling: Fast Point-Feature Labeling without Obscuring Other Visual Features","volume":"14","author":"Luboschik","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Norman, D.A. (2013). The Design of Everyday Things, Basic Books."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"2:1","article-title":"A Review of Overview+Detail, Zooming, and Focus+Context Interfaces","volume":"41","author":"Cockburn","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appert, C., and Fekete, J.D. (2006, January 22\u201327). OrthoZoom Scroller: 1D Multi-Scale Navigation. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/1124772.1124776"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ivs.9500072","article-title":"Mapping Nominal Values to Numbers for Effective Visualization","volume":"3","author":"Rosario","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inf. Vis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871611405677","article-title":"Guiding the Interactive Exploration of Metabolic Pathway Interconnections","volume":"11","author":"Jusufi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inf. Vis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871612473589","article-title":"Visualizing Offscreen Elements of Node-Link Diagrams","volume":"12","author":"Frisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inf. Vis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.109","article-title":"A Modular Degree-of-Interest Specification for the Visual Analysis of Large Dynamic Networks","volume":"20","author":"Abello","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4020493","article-title":"Interactive Presentation of Geo-Spatial Climate Data in Multi-Display Environments","volume":"4","author":"Eichner","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2006.94","article-title":"High-Dimensional Visual Analytics: Interactive Exploration Guided by Pairwise Views of Point Distributions","volume":"12","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01467.x","article-title":"Selecting Good Views of High-Dimensional Data Using Class Consistency","volume":"28","author":"Sips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.210","article-title":"Using Concrete Scales: A Practical Framework for Effective Visual Depiction of Complex Measures","volume":"19","author":"Chevalier","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/3\/4\/17\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:32:17Z","timestamp":1760211137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/3\/4\/17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics3040017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics3040017","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]]}}}