{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T03:41:47Z","timestamp":1769571707324,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/TIDA\/4232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/TIDA\/4232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/RC\/2106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Commercial software tools for translation have, until now, been based on the traditional input modes of keyboard and mouse, latterly with a small amount of speech recognition input becoming popular. In order to test whether a greater variety of input modes might aid translation from scratch, translation using translation memories, or machine translation postediting, we developed a web-based translation editing interface that permits multimodal input via touch-enabled screens and speech recognition in addition to keyboard and mouse. The tool also conforms to web accessibility standards. This article describes the tool and its development process over several iterations. Between these iterations we carried out two usability studies, also reported here. Findings were promising, albeit somewhat inconclusive. Participants liked the tool and the speech recognition functionality. Reports of the touchscreen were mixed, and we consider that it may require further research to incorporate touch into a translation interface in a usable way.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics6010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T06:56:52Z","timestamp":1553497012000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Creating a Multimodal Translation Tool and Testing Machine Translation Integration Using Touch and Voice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1453-990X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos S. C.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IOTA Localisation Services\/Trinity Centre for Literary and Cultural Translation, Trinity College Dublin, D02 CH22 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0766-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joss","family":"Moorkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADAPT Centre\/School of Applied Language and Intercultural Studies, Dublin City University, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADAPT Centre\/School of Computing, Dublin City University, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3810-7631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris","family":"Vreeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADAPT Centre\/School of Computing, Dublin City University, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5736-5930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Way","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADAPT Centre\/School of Computing, Dublin City University, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Moorkens, J., and O\u2019Brien, S. (2017). Assessing user interface needs of post-editors of Machine Translation. Human Issues in Translation Technology, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5565\/rev\/tradumatica.168","article-title":"Developing and testing Kanjingo: A mobile app for post-editing","volume":"14","author":"Moorkens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Tradum\u00e0tica"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"115","article-title":"On the lookout for accessible translation aids: Current scenario and new horizons for blind translation students and professionals","volume":"1","author":"Mileto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Educ. Transl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10590-015-9175-2","article-title":"Correlations of perceived post-editing effort with measurements of actual effort","volume":"29","author":"Moorkens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mach. Transl."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"139","article-title":"Testing interaction with a mobile MT postediting app","volume":"9","author":"Moorkens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Interpret."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1075\/ts.5.1.07cio","article-title":"Automatic Speech Recognition in the professional translation process","volume":"5","author":"Ciobanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Spaces"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"10","article-title":"Speaking your Translation: Students\u2019 First Encounter with Speech Recognition Technology","volume":"3","author":"Dragsted","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl. Interpret."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Zapata, J., Castilho, S., and Moorkens, J. (2017, January 18\u201322). Translation Dictation vs. Post-editing with Cloud-based Voice Recognition: A Pilot Experiment. Proceedings of the 16th MT Summit XVI, Nagoya, Japan."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez, M., Singla, K., Tammewar, A., Mesa-Lao, B., Thakur, A., Anusuya, M.A., Carl, M., and Bangalore, S. (2014, January 16\u201318). SEECAT: ASR & Eye-tracking Enabled Computer-Assisted Translation. Proceedings of the EAMT 2014, Dubrovnik, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.1994.1008","article-title":"Automatic Speech Recognition in Machine Aided Translation","volume":"8","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comput. Speech Lang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2008.2004301","article-title":"Integration of Automatic Speech Recognition and Machine Translation in Computer-assisted translation","volume":"16","author":"Khadivi","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelemans, J., Vanallemeersch, T., Demuynck, K., Verwimp, L., Van hamme, H., and Wambacq, P. (2016, January 20\u201325). Language model adaptation for ASR of spoken translations using phrase-based translation models and named entity models. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2016.7472826"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koehn, P. (2009, January 3). A Web-Based Interactive Computer Aided Translation Tool. Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Software Demonstrations, Suntec, Singapore.","DOI":"10.3115\/1667872.1667877"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2478\/pralin-2013-0016","article-title":"CASMACAT: An open source workbench for advanced computer aided translation","volume":"100","author":"Alabau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prague Bull. Math. Ling."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Federico, M., Bertoldi, N., Cettolo, M., Negri, M., Turchi, M., Trombetti, M., Cattelan, A., Farina, A., Lupinetti, D., and Martines, A. (2014, January 23\u201329). The MateCat Tool. Proceedings of the COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations, Dublin, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Vandeghinste, V., Coppers, S., Van den Bergh, J., Vanallemeersch, T., Bult\u00e9, B., Rigouts Terryn, A., Lefever, E., van der Lek-Ciudin, I., Coninx, K., and Steurs, F. (2017, January 16\u201317). The SCATE Prototype: A Smart Computer-Aided Translation Environment. Proceedings of the 39th Conference on Translation and the Computer, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppers, S., Van den Bergh, J., Luyten, K., Coninx, K., van der Lek-Ciudin, I., Vanallemeersch, T., and Vandeghinste, V. (2018, January 12\u201326). Intellingo: An Intelligible Translation Environment. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2018, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174098"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Alabau, V., and Casacuberta, F. (2012, January 17\u201318). Study of Electronic Pen Commands for Interactive-Predictive Machine Translation. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Expertise in Translation and Post-Editing\u2014Research and Application, Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.1998.10131955","article-title":"Maximizing Usability: The Principles of Universal Design","volume":"10","author":"Story","year":"1998","journal-title":"Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1075\/ts.6.1.05tei","article-title":"Investigating the cognitive ergonomic aspects of translation tools in a workplace setting","volume":"6","author":"Teixeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Spaces"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2012.07.001","article-title":"BabelNet: The Automatic Construction, Evaluation and Application of a Wide-Coverage Multilingual Semantic Network","volume":"193","author":"Navigli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Snover, M., Dorr, B., Schwartz, R., Micciulla, L., and Makhoul, J. (2006, January 8\u201312). A Study of Translation Edit Rate with Targeted Human Annotation. Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation of the Americas, Cambridge, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"European Commission Representation in the UK, Chartered Institute of Linguists (CIOL), Institute of Translation and Interpreting (ITI) (2018, December 01). UK Translator Survey: Final Report. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/unitedkingdom\/sites\/unitedkingdom\/files\/ukts2016-final-report-web_-_18_may_2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wigdor, D., and Wixon, D. (2011). Brave NUI World: Designing Natural User Interfaces for Touch and Gesture, Elsevier Monographs.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382231-4.00002-2"}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/6\/1\/13\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:40:21Z","timestamp":1760186421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/6\/1\/13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics6010013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics6010013","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]]}}}