{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:15:02Z","timestamp":1760238902886,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Kalah game represents the most popular version of probably the oldest board game ever\u2014the Mancala game. From this viewpoint, the art of playing Kalah can contribute to cultural heritage. This paper primarily focuses on a review of Kalah history and on a survey of research made so far for solving and analyzing the Kalah game (and some other related Mancala games). This review concludes that even if strong in-depth tree-search solutions for some types of the game were already published, it is still reasonable to develop less time-consumptive and computationally-demanding playing algorithms and their strategies Therefore, the paper also presents an original heuristic algorithm based on particular deterministic strategies arising from the analysis of the game rules. Standard and modified mini\u2013max tree-search algorithms are introduced as well. A simple C++ application with Qt framework is developed to perform the algorithm verification and comparative experiments. Two sets of benchmark tests are made; namely, a tournament where a mid\u2013experienced amateur human player competes with the three algorithms is introduced first. Then, a round-robin tournament of all the algorithms is presented. It can be deduced that the proposed heuristic algorithm has comparable success to the human player and to low-depth tree-search solutions. Moreover, multiple-case experiments proved that the opening move has a decisive impact on winning or losing. Namely, if the computer plays first, the human opponent cannot beat it. Contrariwise, if it starts to play second, using the heuristic algorithm, it nearly always loses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics7030034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T20:51:12Z","timestamp":1600116672000},"page":"34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Review of Kalah Game Research and the Proposition of a Novel Heuristic\u2013Deterministic Algorithm Compared to Tree-Search Solutions and Human Decision-Making"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2401-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libor","family":"Peka\u0159","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation and Control Engineering, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zl\u00edn, 76001 Zl\u00edn, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5242-7781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radek","family":"Matu\u0161\u016f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Security, Information and Advanced Technologies (CEBIA\u2014Tech), Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zl\u00edn, 76001 Zl\u00edn, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Andrla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation and Control Engineering, Faculty of Applied Informatics, Tomas Bata University in Zl\u00edn, 76001 Zl\u00edn, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Litschmannov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/coin.12162","article-title":"Avoiding game-tree pathology in 2-player adversarial search","volume":"34","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3390\/g6030368","article-title":"Alleviation and sanctions in social dilemma games","volume":"6","author":"Drouvelis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Games"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhuri, A. (2018). Belief heterogeneity and the restart effect in a public goods game. Games, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/g9040096"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/ojoa.12084","article-title":"Facilitating interaction: Board games as social lubricants in the ancient Near East","volume":"35","author":"Crist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxford J. Archaeol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-8143(89)80003-2","article-title":"A survey of knowledge acquisition techniques and tools","volume":"1","author":"Boose","year":"1989","journal-title":"Knowl. Acquis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rosa, F., and De Gloria, A. (2020). An analytical game for knowledge acquisition for maritime behavioral analysis systems. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020591"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly, S., and Nardi, B. (2014). Playing with sustainability: Using video games to simulate futures of scarcity. First Monday, 19.","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v19i5.5259"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412015603844","article-title":"Video game visions of climate futures: ARMA 3 and implications for games and persuasion","volume":"13","author":"Abraham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Games Cult."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Bell, R.C. (1979). Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations, Dover Publications."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Crist, W. (2016). Games of Thrones: Board Games and Social Complexity in Bronze Age Cyprus. [Ph.D. Thesis, Arizona State University]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gee, J.P. (2003). What Videogames Have to Teach Us about Learning and Literacy, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1145\/950566.950595"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2013.04.004","article-title":"Learning cultural heritage by serious games","volume":"15","author":"Mortara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412015600305","article-title":"Game-inspired design: Empirical evidence in support of gameful learning environments","volume":"13","author":"Aguilar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Games Cult."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., and Nacke, L. (2011, January 28\u201330). From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining \u201cGamification\u201d. Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments, Tampere, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/2181037.2181040"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gobet, F., de Voogt, A., and Retschitzki, J. (2004). Moves in Mind: The Psychology of Board Games, Psychology Press.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203503638"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Parlett, D. (1999). The Oxford History of Board Games, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"579","article-title":"Games in culture","volume":"59","author":"Roberts","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1177\/106939719803200204","article-title":"Games in culture revisited: A replication and extension of Roberts, Arth, and Bush (1959)","volume":"32","author":"Chick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cross Cult. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Crist, W., Dunn-Vaturi, A.-E., and de Voogt, A. (2016). Ancient Egyptians at Play: Board Games Across Borders, Bloomsbury."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/aae.12040","article-title":"Games on the seashore of Salalah: The discovery of mancala games in Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman","volume":"25","author":"Charpentier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arab. Arch. Epig."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Culin, S. (1894). Mancala: The National Game of Africa."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huylebrouck, D. (2019). Africa and Mathematics: From Colonial Findings Back to the Ishango Rods, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04037-6"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Selin, H. (2014). Mancala. Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Levy, D.N.L., and Beal, D.F. (1991). Databases in Awari. Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence: The Second Computer Olympiad, London, 15\u201321 August 1990, Ellis Horwood."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Russ, L., and de Voogt, A. (1999). The Complete Mancala Games Book: How to Play the World\u2019s Oldest Board Games, Da Capo Press."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Rovaris, G. (2017). Design of Artificial Intelligence for Mancala Games. [Ph.D. Thesis, Politecnico di Milano]."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"14","article-title":"Using Mancala in the mathematics classroom","volume":"112","author":"Rougetet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Math. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2020, May 04). African Game Teaches Math Strategies to Students. Available online: https:\/\/theindependent.com\/news\/article_5c2a5326-8e1c-5730-ad95-3bd4003cdc4b.html."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3233\/ICG-2000-23303","article-title":"Solving Kalah","volume":"23","author":"Irving","year":"2000","journal-title":"ICGA J."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2020, May 05). Images\u201453-1-1A\u2014Game Board, Mancala Board|Collections\u2014Penn Museum. Available online: https:\/\/www.penn.museum\/collections\/object_images.php?irn=119800."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Allis, L.V. (1994). Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence. [Ph.D. Thesis, Rijksuniversiteit Limburg]."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2020, May 05). Analysis of Kalah. Available online: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download;jsessionid=476236E8BDBE4D1769B8FC7CF081C9A5?doi=10.1.1.800.4308&rep=rep1&type=pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Jordan, D., and O\u2019Riordan, C. (2011, January 22\u201324). Evolution and Analysis of Strategies for Mancala Games. Proceedings of the GAME-ON 2011, Galway, Ireland."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Retschitzki, J., and Haddad-Zubel, R. (2002). Mancala Games\u2014Topics in Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics. Step by Step, Proceedings of the 4th Colloquium \u201cBoard Games in Academia\u201d, Editions Universitaires."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2003.1236468","article-title":"Solving awari with parallel retrograde analysis","volume":"36","author":"Romein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.10.026","article-title":"Dynamic programming and board games: A survey","volume":"176","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(01)00152-7","article-title":"Games solved: Now and in the future","volume":"134","author":"Uiterwijk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scico.2007.01.004","article-title":"Solving games. Dependence of applicable solving procedures","volume":"67","author":"Heule","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Comput. Program."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Divilly, C., O\u2019Riordan, C., and Hill, S. (2013, January 11\u201313). Exploration and Analysis of the Evolution of Strategies for Mancala Variants. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computational Inteligence in Games (CIG), Niagara Falls, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIG.2013.6633628"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3233\/ICG-2014-37204","article-title":"The impact of safe moves on perfectly solving Domineering boards\u2014Part 1: Analysis of and experiments with 1-step safe moves","volume":"37","author":"Uiterwijk","year":"2014","journal-title":"ICGA J."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Pearl, J. (1984). Heuristics, Intelligent Search Strategies for Computer Problem Solving, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00113250","article-title":"Roman game boards from Abu Sha\u2019ar (Red Sea coast, Egypt)","volume":"78","author":"Mulvin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"10","article-title":"Mancala in Roman Asia Minor","volume":"1","author":"Schaedler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Board Games Stud."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00067077","article-title":"Mancala players at Palmyra","volume":"84","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00062086","article-title":"Roman rules? The introduction of board games to Britain and Ireland","volume":"85","author":"Hall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.11.008","article-title":"Cultural transmission in the ancient Near East: Twenty squares and fifty-eight holes","volume":"40","author":"Eerkens","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Archeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danilovic, S., and de Voogt, A. (2020). Making sense of abstract board games: Toward a cross-ludic theory. Games Cult., in press.","DOI":"10.1177\/1555412020914722"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"181","article-title":"Kalah on Atlas","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Michie","year":"1968","journal-title":"Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Russell, R. (1964). Kalah\u2014The Game and the Program; Artificial Intelligence Project Memo No. 22, University of Stanford."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Russell, R. (1964). Improvements of the Kalah Program; Artificial Intelligence Project Memo No. 23, University of Stanford."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1145\/362052.362054","article-title":"Experiments with the M&N tree-searching program","volume":"13","author":"Slagle","year":"1970","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(95)00126-3","article-title":"Best-first fixed-depth minimax algorithms","volume":"87","author":"Plaat","year":"1996","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/ICG-1998-21202","article-title":"Extended futility pruning","volume":"21","author":"Heinz","year":"1998","journal-title":"ICGA J."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Jin, L.Y. (2007). On Forward Pruning in Game-Tree Search. [Ph.D. Thesis, School of Computing, National University of Singapore]."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Pok, A.L., and Tay, T.S. (2001). The Game of Kalah. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore]."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2020, May 15). Kalah. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kalah."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2020, May 15). Talk: Kalah. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk%3AKalah#Kalah(6,7)."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90004-3","article-title":"Proof-number search","volume":"66","author":"Allis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Russell, S.J., Norvig, P., Canny, J.F., Malik, J.M., and Edwards, D.D. (2003). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakatsu, R., Rauterberg, M., and Ciancarini, P. (2015). Monte-Carlo Tree Search in Board Games. Handbook of Digital Games and Entertainment Technologies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-4560-52-8"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Browne, C.B., Powley, E., Whitehouse, D., Lucas, S.M., Cowling, P.I., Rohlfshagen, P., Tavener, S., Perez, D., Samothrakis, S., and Colton, S. (2012). A survey of Monte Carlo tree search methods. IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/TCIAIG.2012.2186810"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Ramanujan, R. (2012). Understanding Sampling-Based Adversarial Search Methods. [Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University]."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocsis, L., and Szepesv\u00e1ri, C. (2006, January 18\u201322). Bandit based monte-carlo planning. Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML\u201906), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/11871842_29"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3233\/ICG-2014-37303","article-title":"The impact of safe moves on perfectly solving Domineering boards\u2014Part 2: Analysis of and Experiments with Multi-Step Safe Moves","volume":"37","author":"Uiterwijk","year":"2014","journal-title":"ICGA J."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Berkman, T. (2016). Algorithms for Mancala Games. [Bathelor\u2019s Thesis, Faculty of Math and Physics, The Charles University]."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"513","article-title":"Partial board tree search","volume":"Volume 659","author":"Gruca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Man-Machine Interactions 5; Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"49","article-title":"Critical analysis of decision making experience with a machine learning approach in playing Ayo game","volume":"56","author":"Akinyemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Jantzen, J. (1998). Introduction to Perceptron Networks, Department of Automation, Technical University of Denmark. Technical Report No. 98-H873."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Oon, W.C., and Lim, Y.-J. (2003, January 8\u201312). An Investigation on Piece Differential Information in Co-evolution on Games Using Kalah. Proceedings of the 2003 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CE\u20190303), Canberra, ACT, Australia."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Iida, H., Uiterwijk, J.W.H.M., and van den Herik, H.J. (1993). Opponent-Model Search, Technical Report CS 93-03, Universiteit Maastricht."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2005.09.049","article-title":"Selecting evaluation functions in Opponent-Model search","volume":"349","author":"Uiterwijk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theor. Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Birrell, T. (2019). Padawan to Jedi: Using reinforcement learning to train an agent to play mancala. Honor. Coll., 60."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"79","article-title":"Human versus machine problem-solving: Winning openings in Dakon","volume":"3","author":"Donkers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Board Game Stud."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Carstensen, A. (2011). Solving (6,6)-Kalaha. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Southern Denmark]."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Ahlschwede, J. (2020, June 04). Using Genetic Programming to Play Mancala. Available online: http:\/\/www.corngolem.com\/john\/gp\/project.html."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"21","article-title":"The combinatorics of mancala-type games: Ayo, tchoukaillon, and 1\/pi","volume":"16","author":"Broline","year":"1995","journal-title":"UMAP J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4169\/college.math.j.44.4.273","article-title":"Mancala matrices","volume":"44","author":"Taalman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Coll. Math. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disc.2015.04.013","article-title":"An optimal bound on the number of moves for open mancala","volume":"338","author":"Musesti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Discrete Math."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"131","article-title":"Retrograde analysis of certaiend-gameses","volume":"9","author":"Thompson","year":"1986","journal-title":"ICCA J."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"van den Herik, H.J., and Allis, L.V. (1992). Knowledge and strategies in Go-Moku. Heuristic Programming in Artificial Intelligence 3: The Third Computer Olympiad, Ellis Horwood."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Gifford, D.A.C., Bley, J., and Thompson, Z. (2008). Searching and Game Playing: An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Mancala, Information Telecommunication and Technology Center. Technical Report ITTC-FY2009-TR-03050-03."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2010.08.002","article-title":"When is it better not to look ahead?","volume":"176","author":"Nau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2020, June 16). MobileFusion Apps. Available online: http:\/\/mobilefusionapps.com\/."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"(2020, June 16). Online Multiplayer Board Games. Available online: http:\/\/www.appon.co.in\/mancala\/."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2020, June 16). Google Play. Available online: https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=design.purplesquirrel.mancala."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2020, June 16). Mancala|Math Playground. Available online: https:\/\/www.mathplayground.com\/mancala.html."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Eng, L.Z. (2016). Qt5 C++ GUI Programming Cookbook: Design and Build a Functional, Appealing, and User-Friendly Graphical User Interface, Packt."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Triola, M.F. (1989). Elementary Statistics, The Benjamin\/Cummings Publishing Company. [4th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/7\/3\/34\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:09:59Z","timestamp":1760177399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/7\/3\/34"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics7030034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics7030034","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9709"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]]}}}