{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:48:09Z","timestamp":1770749289344,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperscanning is a technique which simultaneously records the neural activity of two or more people. This is done using one of several neuroimaging methods, such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The use of hyperscanning has seen a dramatic rise in recent years to monitor social interactions between two or more people. Similarly, there has been an increase in the use of virtual reality (VR) for collaboration, and an increase in the frequency of social interactions being carried out in virtual environments (VE). In light of this, it is important to understand how interactions function within VEs, and how they can be enhanced to improve their quality in a VE. In this paper, we present some of the work that has been undertaken in the field of social neuroscience, with a special emphasis on hyperscanning. We also cover the literature detailing the work that has been carried out in the human\u2013computer interaction domain that addresses remote collaboration. Finally, we present a way forward where these two research domains can be combined to explore how monitoring the neural activity of a group of participants in VE could enhance collaboration among them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics7040055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:45:03Z","timestamp":1607561103000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Review of Hyperscanning and Its Use in Virtual Environments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8414-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit","family":"Barde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Empathic Computing Laboratory, Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1617-4649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ihshan","family":"Gumilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empathic Computing Laboratory, Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1165-2536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashkan F.","family":"Hayati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empathic Computing Laboratory, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6638-2422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arindam","family":"Dey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of ITEE, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1644-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empathic Computing Laboratory, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4172-6759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Billinghurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empathic Computing Laboratory, Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"},{"name":"Empathic Computing Laboratory, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12523","article-title":"Attachment, emotion regulation, and well-being in couples: Intrapersonal and interpersonal associations","volume":"88","author":"Matias","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Personal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2012.06.014","article-title":"Attachment and well-being: The mediating role of emotion regulation and resilience","volume":"53","author":"Karreman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.12.022","article-title":"Simulating social interactions for the experimental investigation of joint attention","volume":"74","author":"Caruana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910600985621","article-title":"The effects of self-involvement on attention, arousal, and facial expression during social interaction with virtual others: A psychophysiological study","volume":"1","author":"Mojzisch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Innocenti, A., De Stefani, E., Bernardi, N.F., Campione, G.C., and Gentilucci, M. (2012). Gaze direction and request gesture in social interactions. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036390"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.1962","article-title":"Laughing and liking: Exploring the interpersonal effects of humor use in initial social interactions","volume":"43","author":"Treger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holm Kvist, M. (2018). Children\u2019s crying in play conflicts: A locus for moral and emotional socialization. Research on Children and Social Interaction, Equinox Publishing Ltd.","DOI":"10.1558\/rcsi.37386"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.019","article-title":"Neurocognitive mechanisms of gaze-expression interactions in face processing and social attention","volume":"50","author":"Graham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2499474.2499480","article-title":"Gaze awareness in conversational agents: Estimating a user\u2019s conversational engagement from eye gaze","volume":"3","author":"Ishii","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cacioppo, J.T., Berntson, G.G., Adolphs, R., Carter, C.S., McClintock, M.K., Meaney, M.J., Schacter, D.L., Sternberg, E.M., Suomi, S., and Taylor, S.E. (2002). Foundations in Social Neuroscience, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3077.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.08.006","article-title":"The observer observed: Frontal EEG asymmetry and autonomic responses differentiate between another person\u2019s direct and averted gaze when the face is seen live","volume":"82","author":"Peltola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"122","article-title":"Eye contact with neutral and smiling faces: Effects on autonomic responses and frontal EEG asymmetry","volume":"6","author":"Hietanen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.12.007","article-title":"Brain-to-brain coupling: A mechanism for creating and sharing a social world","volume":"16","author":"Hasson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2007","article-title":"Brain basis of human social interaction: From concepts to brain imaging","volume":"89","author":"Hari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3694.367","article-title":"Extrasensory electroencephalographic induction between identical twins","volume":"150","author":"Duane","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1145\/514236.514265","article-title":"Collaborative augmented reality","volume":"45","author":"Billinghurst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-018-9324-2","article-title":"The effect of collaboration styles and view independence on video-mediated remote collaboration","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Support. Coop. Work CSCW"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-020-00331-1","article-title":"The effects of spatial auditory and visual cues on mixed reality remote collaboration","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Multimodal User Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, H., Sasikumar, P., Yang, J., and Billinghurst, M. (2020, January 25\u201330). A User Study on Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration with Eye Gaze and Hand Gesture Sharing. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376550"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piumsomboon, T., Day, A., Ens, B., Lee, Y., Lee, G., and Billinghurst, M. (2017). Exploring enhancements for remote mixed reality collaboration. SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 Mobile Graphics & Interactive Applications, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3132787.3139200"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.10.032","article-title":"Implicit and explicit processes in social cognition","volume":"60","author":"Frith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2018.09.07","article-title":"Concurrent mapping of brain activation from multiple subjects during social interaction by hyperscanning: A mini-review","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01862","article-title":"Interactive brain activity: Review and progress on EEG-based hyperscanning in social interactions","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1150","article-title":"Hyperscanning: Simultaneous fMRI during Linked Social Interactions","volume":"16","author":"Montague","year":"2002","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00813","article-title":"A new methodical approach in neuroscience: Assessing inter-personal brain coupling using functional near-infrared imaging (fNIRI) hyperscanning","volume":"7","author":"Scholkmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2014.11.006","article-title":"hyperscanning neuroimaging technique to reveal the \u201ctwo-in-one\u201d system in social interactions","volume":"90","author":"Koike","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5207","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421831112","article-title":"Information flow between interacting human brains: Identification, validation, and relationship to social expertise","volume":"112","author":"Bilek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.07.006","article-title":"Social neuroscience and hyperscanning techniques: Past, present and future","volume":"44","author":"Babiloni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Rapoport, A., Chammah, A.M., and Orwant, C.J. (1965). Prisoner\u2019s Dilemma: A Study in Conflict and Cooperation, University of Michigan Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/002200278002400101","article-title":"Effective choice in the prisoner\u2019s dilemma","volume":"24","author":"Axelrod","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Confl. Resolut."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babiloni, F., Cincotti, F., Mattia, D., Mattiocco, M., Fallani, F.D.V., Tocci, A., Bianchi, L., Marciani, M.G., and Astolfi, L. (September, January 31). Hypermethods for EEG hyperscanning. Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260754"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Yun, K., Chung, D., and Jeong, J. (2008, January 27\u201329). Emotional interactions in human decision making using EEG hyperscanning. Proceedings of the International Conference of Cognitive Science, Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00959","article-title":"Interpersonal body and neural synchronization as a marker of implicit social interaction","volume":"2","author":"Yun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2014.09.002","article-title":"Automatic measure of imitation during social interaction: A behavioral and hyperscanning-EEG benchmark","volume":"66","author":"Delaherche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha, N., Maszczyk, T., Wanxuan, Z., Tan, J., and Dauwels, J. (2016, January 9\u201312). EEG hyperscanning study of inter-brain synchrony during cooperative and competitive interaction. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2016.7844990"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toppi, J., Borghini, G., Petti, M., He, E.J., De Giusti, V., He, B., Astolfi, L., and Babiloni, F. (2016). Investigating cooperative behavior in ecological settings: An EEG hyperscanning study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154236"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.04.002","article-title":"Brain-to-brain synchrony tracks real-world dynamic group interactions in the classroom","volume":"27","author":"Dikker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Brain-to-brain entrainment: EEG interbrain synchronization while speaking and listening","volume":"7","author":"Carreiras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciaraffa, N., Borghini, G., Aric\u00f2, P., Di Flumeri, G., Colosimo, A., Bezerianos, A., Thakor, N.V., and Babiloni, F. (2017). Brain interaction during cooperation: Evaluating local properties of multiple-brain network. Brain Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7070090"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.03.013","article-title":"Teams on the same wavelength perform better: Inter-brain phase synchronization constitutes a neural substrate for social facilitation","volume":"152","author":"Szymanski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., and Zhou, Z. (2017). Multiple Human EEG Synchronous Analysis in Group Interaction-Prediction Model for Group Involvement and Individual Leadership. International Conference on Augmented Cognition, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58628-1_9"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24416-w","article-title":"Multiple-brain connectivity during third party punishment: An EEG hyperscanning study","volume":"8","author":"Ciaramidaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2010.00127","article-title":"\u201cStay tuned\u201d: Inter-individual neural synchronization during mutual gaze and joint attention","volume":"4","author":"Saito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14425","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008662107","article-title":"Speaker\u2013listener neural coupling underlies successful communication","volume":"107","author":"Stephens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6267","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3796-13.2014","article-title":"On the same wavelength: Predictable language enhances speaker\u2013listener brain-to-brain synchrony in posterior superior temporal gyrus","volume":"34","author":"Dikker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.076","article-title":"Neural substrates of shared attention as social memory: A hyperscanning functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"125","author":"Koike","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.03.059","article-title":"Interpersonal frontopolar neural synchronization in group communication: An exploration toward fNIRS hyperscanning of natural interactions","volume":"133","author":"Nozawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsv092","article-title":"Interpersonal brain synchronization in the right temporo-parietal junction during face-to-face economic exchange","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00276","article-title":"Clarifying the interaction types in two-person neuroscience research","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00242","article-title":"Music performance as an experimental approach to hyperscanning studies","volume":"10","author":"Acquadro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Watson, D., and Clark, L.A. (2020, November 23). The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form. Available online: https:\/\/ir.uiowa.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&context=psychology_pubs."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","article-title":"Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential","volume":"25","author":"Bradley","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00881","article-title":"On the interpretation of synchronization in EEG hyperscanning studies: A cautionary note","volume":"7","author":"Burgess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007990","article-title":"Partial directed coherence: A new concept in neural structure determination","volume":"84","author":"Sameshima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)8:4<194::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Measuring phase synchrony in brain signals","volume":"8","author":"Lachaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jammalamadaka, S.R., and Sengupta, A. (2001). Topics in Circular Statistics, World Scientific.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812779267"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066138","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.066138","article-title":"Estimating mutual information","volume":"69","author":"Kraskov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8190","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611453104","article-title":"The phi complex as a neuromarker of human social coordination","volume":"104","author":"Tognoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsx093","article-title":"The role of gamma interbrain synchrony in social coordination when humans face territorial threats","volume":"12","author":"Mu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.026","article-title":"Sensory-motor synchronization in the brain corresponds to behavioral synchronization between individuals","volume":"119","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.03.003","article-title":"Frontal alpha oscillations distinguish leaders from followers: Multivariate decoding of mutually interacting brains","volume":"94","author":"Konvalinka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.001","article-title":"Neural correlates of non-verbal social interactions: A dual-EEG study","volume":"55","author":"Varnet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.05.060","article-title":"Brain-to-brain synchrony in parent-child dyads and the relationship with emotion regulation revealed by fNIRS-based hyperscanning","volume":"178","author":"Reindl","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.003","article-title":"NIRS-based hyperscanning reveals increased interpersonal coherence in superior frontal cortex during cooperation","volume":"59","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23421","article-title":"Cooperation in lovers: An fNIRS-based hyperscanning study","volume":"38","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.028","article-title":"Between-brain connectivity during imitation measured by fNIRS","volume":"63","author":"Holper","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.018","article-title":"Frontal temporal and parietal systems synchronize within and across brains during live eye-to-eye contact","volume":"157","author":"Hirsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686","article-title":"Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire","volume":"7","author":"Witmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital games as social presence technology: Development of the Social Presence in Gaming Questionnaire (SPGQ)","volume":"195203","author":"IJsselsteijn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Presence"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2016.2593778","article-title":"Do you see what i see? the effect of gaze tracking on task space remote collaboration","volume":"22","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Lee, G., Sakata, N., and Billinghurst, M. (2014, January 10\u201312). Improving co-presence with augmented visual communication cues for sharing experience through video conference. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2014.6948412"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04418.x","article-title":"The social neuroscience of empathy","volume":"1156","author":"Singer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.12.005","article-title":"Inter-brain synchrony and cooperation context in interactive decision making","volume":"133","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.2001.0506","article-title":"Development and validation of the situational self-awareness scale","volume":"10","author":"Govern","year":"2001","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"67","article-title":"Social connectedness: Concept and measurement","volume":"2","author":"Smolders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intell. Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarosh, S., Markopoulos, P., and Abowd, G.D. (2014, January 15\u201319). Towards a questionnaire for measuring affective benefits and costs of communication technologies. Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2531602.2531634"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.05.011","article-title":"Revisiting collaboration through mixed reality: The evolution of groupware","volume":"131","author":"Ens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.76","article-title":"Virtual reality therapy versus cognitive behavior therapy for social phobia: A preliminary controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Klinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00279","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality and virtual embodiment for pain relief","volume":"13","author":"Donegan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.03.012","article-title":"Augmented and virtual reality in dental medicine: A systematic review","volume":"108","author":"Joda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103254","article-title":"From BIM to extended reality in AEC industry","volume":"116","author":"Alizadehsalehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alizadehsalehi, S., Hadavi, A., and Huang, J.C. (2019, January 12\u201314). BIM\/MR-Lean Construction Project Delivery Management System. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMSCON.2019.8813574"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alizadehsalehi, S., Hadavi, A., and Huang, J.C. (2019). Virtual reality for design and construction education environment. AEI 2019: Integrated Building Solutions\u2014The National Agenda, American Society of Civil Engineers.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482261.023"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masai, K., Kunze, K., Sugimoto, M., and Billinghurst, M. (2016, January 7\u201312). Empathy Glasses. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA\u201916, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2851581.2892370"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, A., Piumsomboon, T., Lee, Y., and Billinghurst, M. (2017, January 6\u201311). Effects of Sharing Physiological States of Players in a Collaborative Virtual Reality Gameplay. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI\u201917, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3026028"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, A., Chen, H., Zhuang, C., Billinghurst, M., and Lindeman, R.W. (2018, January 16\u201320). Effects of Sharing Real-Time Multi-Sensory Heart Rate Feedback in Different Immersive Collaborative Virtual Environments. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2018.00052"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, A., Chen, H., Hayati, A., Billinghurst, M., and Lindeman, R.W. (2019, January 14\u201318). Sharing Manipulated Heart Rate Feedback in Collaborative Virtual Environments. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2019.00022"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, A., Chatburn, A., and Billinghurst, M. (2019, January 23\u201327). Exploration of an EEG-Based Cognitively Adaptive Training System in Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797840"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salminen, M., J\u00e4rvel\u00e4, S., Ruonala, A., Timonen, J., Mannermaa, K., Ravaja, N., and Jacucci, G. (2018, January 7\u201311). Bio-adaptive social VR to evoke affective interdependence: DYNECOM. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1145\/3172944.3172991"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Affective computing in virtual reality: Emotion recognition from brain and heartbeat dynamics using wearable sensors","volume":"8","author":"Greco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jantz, J., Molnar, A., and Alcaide, R. (2017). A brain-computer interface for extended reality interfaces. ACM Siggraph 2017 VR Village, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3089269.3089290"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi, M., and Csikzentmihaly, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, Harper & Row New York."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehata, M., Cheng, M., Leung, A., Tsuchiya, N., Wu, D.A., Tseng, C.H., Nakauchi, S., and Shimojo, S. (2020, November 23). Team Flow Is a Unique Brain State Associated with Enhanced Information Integration and Neural Synchrony. Available online: https:\/\/authors.library.caltech.edu\/104079\/.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.17.157990"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakamura, J., and Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). The Concept of Flow; Flow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9088-8"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3122","article-title":"Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy","volume":"12","author":"Bohil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotte, F., Faller, J., Guger, C., Renard, Y., Pfurtscheller, G., L\u00e9cuyer, A., and Leeb, R. (2012). Combining BCI with virtual reality: Towards new applications and improved BCI. Towards Practical Brain-Computer Interfaces, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-29746-5_10"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenhardt, A., and Ritter, H. (2010). An augmented-reality based brain-computer interface for robot control. International Conference on Neural Information Processing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17534-3_8"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerous, B., and Liarokapis, F. (2017, January 9\u201313). BrainChat-A Collaborative Augmented Reality Brain Interface for Message Communication. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR-Adjunct), Nantes, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct.2017.91"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2013.10.009","article-title":"Evaluation of commercial brain\u2013computer interfaces in real and virtual world environment: A pilot study","volume":"40","author":"Vourvopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Chin, Z.Y., Ang, K.K., Wang, C., and Guan, C. (2020, January 20). Online performance evaluation of motor imagery BCI with augmented-reality virtual hand feedback. Proceedings of the 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naves, E.L., Bastos, T.F., Bourhis, G., Silva, Y.M.L.R., Silva, V.J., and Lucena, V.F. (2016, January 14\u201316). Virtual and augmented reality environment for remote training of wheelchairs users: Social, mobile, and wearable technologies applied to rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 18th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (Healthcom), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/HealthCom.2016.7749418"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00057-3","article-title":"Brain\u2013computer interfaces for communication and control","volume":"113","author":"Wolpaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.03.034","article-title":"A P300-based brain\u2013computer interface for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"119","author":"Nijboer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(88)90149-6","article-title":"Talking off the top of your head: Toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials","volume":"70","author":"Farwell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.89.3.506","article-title":"Psychophysiology of P300","volume":"89","author":"Pritchard","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"78","article-title":"Definition, identification, and reliability of measurement of the P300 component of the event-related brain potential","volume":"2","author":"Fabiani","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2011.535754","article-title":"Predictive spelling with a P300-based brain\u2013computer interface: Increasing the rate of communication","volume":"27","author":"Ryan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intl. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horlings, R., Datcu, D., and Rothkrantz, L.J. (2008, January 12). Emotion recognition using brain activity. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies and Workshop for PhD Students in Computing, Ruse, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.1145\/1500879.1500888"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)56002-9","article-title":"Emotion and attention: Event-related brain potential studies","volume":"156","author":"Schupp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernal, G., Yang, T., Jain, A., and Maes, P. (2018, January 8\u201312). PhysioHMD: A conformable, modular toolkit for collecting physiological data from head-mounted displays. Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/3267242.3267268"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2020.10.003","article-title":"A comparative study on inter-brain synchrony in real and virtual environments using hyperscanning","volume":"94","author":"Gumilar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/7\/4\/55\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:43:00Z","timestamp":1760179380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/7\/4\/55"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics7040055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics7040055","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]]}}}