{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:54:09Z","timestamp":1760234049520,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper has introduced an algorithm for the identification of islanding events in the remotely located distribution grid with renewable energy (RE) sources using the voltage signals. Voltage signal is processed using Stockwell transform (ST) to compute the median-based islanding recognition factor (MIRF). The rate of change in the root mean square (RMS) voltage is computed by differentiating the RMS voltage with respect to time to compute the voltage rate of change in islanding recognition factor (VRCIRF). The proposed voltage-based islanding recognition factor (IRFV) is computed by multiplying the MIRF and VRCIRF element to element. The islanding event is discriminated from the faulty and operational events using the simple decision rules using the peak magnitude of IRFV by comparing peak magnitude of IRFV with pre-set threshold values. The proposed islanding detection method (IDM) effectively identified the islanding events in the presence of solar energy, wind energy and simultaneous presence of both wind and solar energy at a fast rate in a time period of less than 0.05 cycles compared to the voltage change rate (ROCOV) and frequency change rate (ROCOF) IDM that detects the islanding event in a time period of 0.25 to 0.5 cycles. This IDM provides a minimum non-detection zone (NDZ). This IDM efficiently discriminated the islanding events from the faulty and switching events. The proposed study is performed on an IEEE-13 bus test system interfaced with renewable energy (RE) generators in a MATLAB\/Simulink environment. The performance of the proposed IDM is better compared to methods based on the use of ROCOV, ROCOF and discrete wavelet transform (DWT).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics8020021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T02:54:03Z","timestamp":1616640843000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Voltage-Based Hybrid Algorithm Using Parameter Variations and Stockwell Transform for Islanding Detection in Utility Grids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5995-6806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Om Prakash","family":"Mahela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Power System Planning Division, Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd., Vidyut Bhawan, Japur 302005, India"}]},{"given":"Yagya","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Vedant College of Engineering &amp; Technology, Bundi 323021, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2750-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoyab","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Vedant College of Engineering &amp; Technology, Bundi 323021, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0562-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baseem","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hawssa University, Hawassa-5, Ethiopia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1778-2718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akhil Ranjan","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, J.N.V. University, Jodhpur 342011, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.105619","article-title":"A new passive islanding detection approach considering the dynamic behaviour of load in micro-grid","volume":"117","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2020.106032","article-title":"A wavelet-based hybrid islanding detection system applied for distributed generators interconnected to AC microgrids","volume":"121","author":"Paiva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2013.09.039","article-title":"Rapid islanding detection using multi-level inverter for grid-interactive PV system","volume":"77","author":"Tsang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106226","article-title":"A novel phaselet-based approach for islanding detection in inverter-based distributed generation systems","volume":"182","author":"Kolli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.01.018","article-title":"A review of the islanding detection methods in grid-connected PV inverters","volume":"21","author":"Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Kaushik, R., Mahela, O.P., Bhatt, P.K., Khan, B., Garg, A.R., Alhelou, H.H., and Siano, P. (2020). Recognition of Islanding and Operational Events in Power System with Renewable Energy Penetration Using a Stockwell Transform Based Method. IEEE Syst. J., 1\u201310."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahela, O.P., Heydarian-Forushani, E., Alhelou, H.H., Khan, B., Garg, A.R., and Al-Sumaiti, A.S. (2020, January 18\u201321). Combined Stockwell and Hilbert Transforms Based Technique for the Detection of Islanding Events in Hybrid Power System. Proceedings of the 46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IES), IECON 2020, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON43393.2020.9254764"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahela, O.P., Gupta, R., Khan, B., Sanjeevikumar, P., Leonowicz, Z., Choudhary, S., and Alhelou, H.H. (2020, January 9\u201312). A Voltage Based Algorithm Using Combined Features of Stockwell Transform and Hilbert Transform for Detection of Islanding Events. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC\/ICPSEurope49358.2020.9160551"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.05.008","article-title":"A novel islanding detection technique using modified Slantlet transform in multi-distributed generation","volume":"112","author":"Ahmadipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.09.145","article-title":"Islanding detection technique using Slantlet Transform and Ridgelet Probabilistic Neural Network in grid-connected photovoltaic system","volume":"231","author":"Ahmadipour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2019.105983","article-title":"A passive islanding detection scheme using variational mode decomposition based mode singular entropy for integrated microgrids","volume":"177","author":"Admasie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2019.05.001","article-title":"An improved approach for robust control of dynamic voltage restorer and power quality enhancement using grasshopper optimization algorithm","volume":"95","author":"Omar","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISA Trans."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2391","DOI":"10.1002\/etep.2391","article-title":"Distributed FACTS stabilization scheme for efficient utilization of distributed wind energy systems","volume":"27","author":"Gandoman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulshrestha, A., Mahela, O.P., Gupta, M.K., Gupta, N., Patel, N., Senjyu, T., Danish, M.S., and Khosravy, M. (2020). A Hybrid Protection Scheme Using Stockwell Transform and Wigner Distribution Function for Power System Network with Solar Energy Penetration. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13143519"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2018.03.026","article-title":"Power quality assessment and event detection in hybrid power system","volume":"161","author":"Shaik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2016.04.011","article-title":"Power Quality Improvement in Distribution Network using DSTATCOM with Battery Energy Storage System","volume":"83","author":"Mahela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.12.098","article-title":"Power Quality Recognition in Distribution System with Solar Energy Penetration Using S-Transform and Fuzzy C-Means Clustering","volume":"106","author":"Mahela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.09.096","article-title":"Comprehensive Overview of Grid Interfaced Solar Photovoltaic Systems","volume":"68","author":"Mahela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahela, O.P., and Shaik, A.G. (2015, January 27\u201328). Detection of power quality disturbances associated with grid integration of 100 kW solar PV plant. Proceedings of the 1st IEEE Uttar Pradesh Conference-International Conference on Energy Economics and Environment (ICEEE 2015), Galgotia Institute of Engineering and Technology, Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/EnergyEconomics.2015.7235070"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.048","article-title":"Comprehensive Overview of Grid Interfaced Wind Energy Generation Systems","volume":"57","author":"Mahela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahela, O.P., and Shaik, A.G. (2015, January 1\u20132). Power quality detection in distribution system with wind energy penetration using discrete wavelet transform. Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communication Engineering (ICACCE-2015), Dehradun, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCE.2015.52"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6922","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2971709","article-title":"Power Quality Assessment and Event Detection in Distribution Network with Wind Energy Penetration Using Stockwell Transform and Fuzzy Clustering","volume":"16","author":"Mahela","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173530","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3025190","article-title":"Recognition of Complex Power Quality Disturbances Using S-Transform Based Ruled Decision Tree","volume":"8","author":"Mahela","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2017.05.061","article-title":"Recognition of Power Quality Disturbances Using S-Transform Based Ruled Decision Tree and Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Classifiers","volume":"59","author":"Mahela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mahela, O.P., Shaik, A.G., Gupta, N., Khosravy, M., Khan, B., Alhelou, H.H., and Padmanaban, S. (2020). Recognition of the Power Quality Issues Associated with Grid Integrated solar Photovoltaic Plant in Experimental Frame Work. IEEE Syst. J. Early Access, 1\u20139."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-pel.2019.1351","article-title":"Assessment of Power Quality in the Utility Grid Integrated with Wind Energy Generation","volume":"13","author":"Mahela","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.07.080","article-title":"Minimum non detection zone for islanding detection using an optimal artificial neural network algorithm based on PSO","volume":"52","author":"Samet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quoc-Tuan, T. (2016, January 9\u201312). New Methods of Islanding Detection for Photovoltaic Inverters. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), Ljubljana, Slovenia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEurope.2016.7856317"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, R., and Singh, P. (2012, January 19\u201322). Islanding Detection and Control in Grid Based System Using Wavelet Transform. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Fifth Power India Conference, Murthal, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/PowerI.2012.6479557"}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/8\/2\/21\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:40:45Z","timestamp":1760161245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/8\/2\/21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics8020021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics8020021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2227-9709"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]}}}