{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T15:35:14Z","timestamp":1773848114943,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, universities are going through a critical moment due to the coronavirus disease in 2019. To prevent its spread, countries have declared quarantines and isolation in all sectors of society. This has caused many problems in the learning of students, since, when moving from a face-to-face educational model to a remote model, several academic factors such as psychological, financial, and methodological have been overlooked. To exactly identify the variables and causes that affect learning, in this work a data analysis model using a Hadoop framework is proposed. By processing the data, it is possible to identify and classify students to determine the problems they present in different learning activities. The results are used by an artificial intelligence system that takes student information and converts it into knowledge, evaluates the academic performance problems they present, and determines what type of activity aligns with the students. The artificial intelligence system processes the information and recommends activities that focus on each student\u2019s abilities and needs. The integration of these systems to universities creates an adaptive educational model that responds to the new challenges of society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics8020029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:16:02Z","timestamp":1618964162000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Academic Activities Recommendation System for Sustainable Education in the Age of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5421-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Villegas-Ch.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda en Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n, FICA, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Viteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sistemas, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito 170411, Ecuador"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2861-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milton","family":"Rom\u00e1n-Ca\u00f1izares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda en Tecnolog\u00edas de la Informaci\u00f3n, FICA, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170125, Ecuador"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11125-020-09464-3","article-title":"Education and the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"49","author":"Daniel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prospects"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02504914","article-title":"Teaching and Learning in Digital Environments: The Resurgence of Resource-based Learning","volume":"49","author":"Hill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current Status and Future Perspectives","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Cook, D.J., Augusto, J.C., and Jakkula, V.R. (2017, January 17\u201322). Ambient Intelligence: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting ISSS, Hull, UK."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmer\u00f3n-Manzano, E., and Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2018). The higher Education Sustainability through Virtual Laboratories: The Spanish University as Case of Study. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10114040"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.18421\/SAR31-04","article-title":"Pedagogical Agents in an Adaptive E-learning System","volume":"3","author":"Hussein","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAR J. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10219-y","article-title":"Exploring the Critical Challenges and Factors Influencing the E-learning System Usage during COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"25","author":"Almaiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., Palacios-Pacheco, X., and Rom\u00e1n-Ca\u00f1izares, M. (2020). An Internet of Things Model for Improving Process Management on University Campus. Future Internet, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi12100162"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/03634529009378815","article-title":"A Comparison of Teacher and Student Perceptions of Immediacy and Learning: Monitoring Process and Product","volume":"39","author":"Gorham","year":"1990","journal-title":"Commun. Educ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., Palacios-Pacheco, X., and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S. (2019, January 17\u201320). Artificial Intelligence as a Support Technique for University Learning. Proceedings of the IEEE World Conference on Engineering Education (EDUNINE), Lima, Peru.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUNINE.2019.8875833"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, V.K., and Verma, A. (2019, January 24\u201325). Enhancing LMS Experience through AIML Base and Retrieval Base Chatbot using R Language. Proceedings of the International Conference on Automation, Computational and Technology Management IEEE, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACTM.2019.8776684"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Zhang, T. (2012, January 2\u20134). The Internet of Things Promoting Higher Education Revolution. Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia and Security, Nanjing, China."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"113","article-title":"Blending Learning: The Convergence of Online and Face-to-Face Education","volume":"572","author":"Watson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"55","article-title":"Face-to-face versus Threaded Discussions: The Role of Time and Higher-order Thinking","volume":"7","author":"Gowensmith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"9","article-title":"The Evolution of Big Data and Learning Analytics in American Higher Education","volume":"16","author":"Picciano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Asynchronous Learn. Netw."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/01587910600789498","article-title":"Distance Education Trends: Integrating New Technologies to Foster Student Interaction and Collaboration","volume":"27","author":"Beldarrain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Distance Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comendador, B.E.V., Rabago, L.W., and Tanguilig, B.T. (2016, January 5\u20138). An Educational Model Based on Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) to Predict Learner\u2019s Behavior Using Classification Techniques. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing, Communications and Computing, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPCC.2016.7753623"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., Roman-Ca\u00f1izares, M., Jaramillo-Alc\u00e1zar, A., and Palacios-Pacheco, X. (2020). Data Analysis as a Tool for the Application of Adaptive Learning in a University Environment. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207016"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.013","article-title":"Data Mining of Customer Choice Behavior in Internet of Things within Relationship Network","volume":"50","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2361256.2361257","article-title":"Business Intelligence and Analytics Education, and Program Development: A Unique Opportunity for the Information Systems Discipline","volume":"3","author":"Chiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S. (2016). An\u00e1lisis de las Herramientas de Miner\u00eda de Datos para la Mejora del E-learning en Plataformas LMS. TIC Actualizadas Para Una Nueva Docencia Universitaria, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"138","article-title":"Big Data, the Next Step in the Evolution of Educational Data Analysis","volume":"Volume 721","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Libertad City, Ecuador, 10\u201312 January 2018"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha, A., Mohammed, S., and Felgueiras, C. (2017). Europe and MENA Cooperation Advances in Information and Communication Technologies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46568-5"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., Palacios-Pacheco, X., and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S. (2019). Application of a Smart City Model to a Traditional University Campus with a Big Data Architecture: A Sustainable Smart Campus. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11102857"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., Palacios-Pacheco, X., Ortiz-Garc\u00e9s, I., and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S. (2019). Management of Educative Data in University Students with the Use of Big Data Techniques, AISTI\u2013Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Ib\u00e9rica de Sistemas e Tecnologias de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., Molina-Enriquez, J., Chicaiza-Tamayo, C., Ortiz-Garc\u00e9s, I., and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S. (2019). Application of a Big Data Framework for Data Monitoring on a Smart Campus. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11205552"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.26599\/BDMA.2019.9020015","article-title":"A Survey of Data Partitioning and Sampling Methods to Support Big Data Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Salloum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Big Data Min. Anal."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazumdar, S., and Dhar, S. (April, January 30). Hadoop as Big Data Operating System\u2013The Emerging Approach for Managing Challenges of Enterprise Big Data Platform. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE First International Conference on Big Data Computing Service and Applications (BigDataService) IEEE, Redwood City, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataService.2015.72"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaconita, V., Bologa, A.R., and Bologa, R. (2018). Hadoop Oriented Smart Cities Architecture. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041181"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Borthakur, D. (2021, February 15). Apache Hadoop 2.6.0\u2013HDFS Architecture. Available online: http:\/\/hadoop.apache.org\/docs\/r2.6.0\/hadoop-project-dist\/hadoop-hdfs\/HdfsDesign.html."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.04.091","article-title":"Big Data and Hadoop\u2013A Study in Security Perspective","volume":"50","author":"Saraladevi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.04.108","article-title":"Hadoop, Mapreduce and HDFS: A Developers Perspective","volume":"48","author":"Ghazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shan, Y., Yan, J., Wang, Y., and Xu, N. (2010, January 21\u201323). FPMR: MapReduce Framework on FPGA A Case Study of RankBoost Acceleration. Proceedings of the 18th Annual ACM\/SIGDA International Symposium on Field Programmable Gate Arrays, Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1723112.1723129"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhandarkar, M. (2010, January 19\u201323). MapReduce Programming with Apache Hadoop. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Parallel & Distributed Processing (IPDPS), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2010.5470377"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, A.B., Birla, M., and Nair, U. (2012, January 6\u20138). Addressing Big Data Problem Using Hadoop and Map Reduce. Proceedings of the 3rd Nirma University International Conference on Engineering (NUiCONE 2012), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/NUICONE.2012.6493198"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"735","article-title":"Towards a More Secure Apache Hadoop HDFS Infrastructure: Anatomy of a Targeted Advanced Persistent Threat Against HDFS and Analysis of Trusted Computing Based Countermeasures","volume":"Volume 7873","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Network and System Security, NSS 2013, Madrid, Spain, 3\u20134 June 2013"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shvachko, K., Kuang, H., Radia, S., and Chansler, R. (2010, January 3\u20137). The Hadoop Distributed File System. Proceedings of the IEEE 26th Symposium Mass Storage Systems and Technologies, Incline Village, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSST.2010.5496972"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.14778\/1687553.1687609","article-title":"Hive: A Warehousing Solution Over a Map-reduce Framework","volume":"2","author":"Thusoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. VLDB Endow."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., Rom\u00e1n-Ca\u00f1izares, M., and Palacios-Pacheco, X. (2020). Improvement of an Online Education Model with the Integration of Machine Learning and Data Analysis in an LMS. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10155371"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59480-4_46","article-title":"Ben Social Activities Recommendation System for Students in Smart Campus","volume":"76","author":"Abdrabbah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Smart Innov. Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"167","article-title":"Business Analytics as a Tool to Transforming Information into an Informing System: The Case of the On-line Course Registration System","volume":"20","author":"Christozov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villegas-Ch, W., and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S. (2017, January 19\u201322). Analysis of Data Mining Techniques Applied to LMS for Personalized Education. Proceedings of the IEEE World Engineering Education Conference (EDUNINE), Santos, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUNINE.2017.7918188"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.11.026","article-title":"Personalized E-learning System with Self-regulated Learning Assisted Mechanisms for Promoting Learning Performance","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.08.109","article-title":"Expert Systems with Applications Personalized Learning Course Planner with E-learning DSS using user profile","volume":"39","author":"Jeong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1316","article-title":"Comprehensive Learning System Based on the Analysis of Data and the Recommendation of Activities in a Distance Education Environment","volume":"35","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Educ."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Setting Accessibility Preferences about Learning Objects Within Adaptive Elearning Systems: User Experience and Organizational Aspects","volume":"34","author":"Boticario","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McHugh, J., Cuddihy, P.E., Williams, J.W., Aggour, K.S., Kumar, V.S., and Mulwad, V. (2017, January 11\u201314). Integrated Access to Big Data Polystores through a Knowledge-driven Framework. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data 2017), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2017.8258083"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.06.005","article-title":"A Socio-economic Analysis of Biomethane in the Transport Sector: The Case of Italy","volume":"95","author":"Falcone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-714","article-title":"Sustaining Education in the Age of COVID-19: A Survey of Synchronous Web-based Platforms","volume":"10","author":"Sidpra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"100","article-title":"Aswar Rahmat Effectiveness of Online Learning in Pandemic Covid-19","volume":"1","author":"Bahasoan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Hernandez-Ortega, J., Daza, R., Morales, A., Fierrez, J., and Ortega-Garcia, J. (2019). edBB: Biometrics and Behavior for Assessing Remote Education. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.0c00542","article-title":"Challenges of Teaching Organic Chemistry during COVID-19 Pandemic at a Primarily Undergraduate Institution","volume":"97","author":"Sunasee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"5027","article-title":"Remote Education in Modern University: Potential Opportunities, Quality or Availability?","volume":"24","author":"Ovsyanik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychosoc. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/8\/2\/29\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:50:06Z","timestamp":1760161806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/8\/2\/29"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics8020029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics8020029","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]}}}