{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T09:25:58Z","timestamp":1780737958325,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The construction industry has dynamic supply chains with multiple suppliers usually engaged in short-term relationships. Government legislation, novel types of payment agreements, conventional information technology solutions, and supply chain management best practices have endeavoured to solve payment-related financial issues in the construction industry, which are mainly caused by the complexities of the construction supply chain. Nevertheless, payment-related issues persist as one of the key challenges in the industry. Applications of blockchain technology\u2013a trusted, distributed data storing mechanism\u2013along with smart contracts are gaining focus as solutions for complex interorganisational processes. A smart contract is a self-executing script that codifies a set of rules or agreements between multiple parties and runs across the blockchain network. This paper identifies the suitability of blockchain and smart contract technologies in solving payment issues in the construction industry. An expert forum of construction industry stakeholders served as the primary data collection method through a structured questionnaire. The key finding of the paper is that blockchain and smart contract powered solutions can significantly mitigate the payment and related financial issues in the construction industry, including partial payments, nonpayments, cost of finance, long payment cycle, retention, and security of payments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics8020036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T23:16:46Z","timestamp":1622157406000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Blockchain and Smart Contracts: A Solution for Payment Issues in Construction Supply Chains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Samudaya","family":"Nanayakkara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Smart Modern Construction, School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9218-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srinath","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Smart Modern Construction, School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9252-7306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sepani","family":"Senaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Smart Modern Construction, School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geeganage Thilini","family":"Weerasuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Smart Modern Construction, School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herath Mudiyanselage Nelanga Dilum","family":"Bandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data 61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Eveleigh 2015, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashworth, A., and Perera, S. (2018). Contractual Procedures in the Construction Industry, Routledge. [7th ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315529059"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.13189\/ujm.2016.041002","article-title":"Supply Chain Improvement in Construction Industry","volume":"4","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Univers. J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2015.1045953","article-title":"Understanding construction supply chain management","volume":"26","author":"Behera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Danuri, M.M., Munaaim, M.C., Rahman, H.A., and Hanid, M. (2006, January 26\u201329). Late and non-payment issues in the Malaysian Construction Industry-Contractor\u2019s perspective. Proceedings of the International Conference on Construction, Culture, Innovation and Management (CCIM), Dubai, United Arab Emirates."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5130\/AJCEB.v11i2.2171","article-title":"The nature of payment problems in the New Zealand construction industry","volume":"11","author":"Ramachandra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Constr. Econ. Build."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A4514005","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000156","article-title":"Mitigating payment problems in the construction industry through analysis of construction payment disputes","volume":"7","author":"Ramachandra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Leg. Aff. Disput. Resolut. Eng. Constr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perera, S., Nanayakkara, S., and Weerasuriya, T. (2021). Blockchain: The Next Stage of Digital Procurement in Construction. Acad. Lett.","DOI":"10.20935\/AL119"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hewavitharana, T., Nanayakkara, S., and Perera, S. (2019, January 8\u201310). Blockchain as a project management platform. Proceedings of the World Construction Symposium, Colombo, Sri Lanka.","DOI":"10.31705\/WCS.2019.14"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dannen, C. (2017). Introducing Ethereum and Solidity, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-2535-6"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1145\/2994581","article-title":"Blockchain beyond bitcoin","volume":"59","author":"Underwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Nanayakkara, S., Perera, S., Bandara, H.M.N.D., Weerasuriya, G.T., and Ayoub, J. (2019, January 6\u20138). Blockchain technology and its potential for the construction industry. Proceedings of the AUBEA Conference, Noosa, Australia."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain Technology: Is it Hype or Real in the Construction Industry?","volume":"17","author":"Perera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind. Inf. Integr."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Di Ciccio, C., Cecconi, A., Mendling, J., Felix, D., Haas, D., Lilek, D., Riel, F., Rumpl, A., and Uhlig, P. (2020, January 6\u20138). Blockchain-based traceability of inter-organisational business processes. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Business Modeling and Software Design, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Christopher, M. (1992). Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Pitman Publishing. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2158-1592.2001.tb00001.x","article-title":"Defining supply chain management","volume":"22","author":"Mentzer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bus. Logist."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Shingo, S. (1988). Non-Stock Production: The Shingo System of Continuous Improvement, Productivity Press."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"7","article-title":"Factors Influencing Selection and Effective Implementation of ERP Systems in Medium Sized Organizations in Developing Countries","volume":"21","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Internet Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adaptation of Diffusion of Innovations Theory for Successful ERP Implementation","volume":"7","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"105","article-title":"Obstacles to process integration along the supply chain: Manufacturing firms perspective","volume":"6","author":"Katunzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"887","article-title":"Impact of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems to the Construction Industry","volume":"7","author":"Hewavitharana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Electron. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashworth, A., and Perera, S. (2015). Cost Studies of Buildings, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315708867"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"9","article-title":"Factors Incompatibility of Selection and Implementation of ERP Systems for Construction Organizations","volume":"6","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1108\/09576050110363239","article-title":"An e-business model to support supply chain activities in construction","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Logist. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"48","article-title":"Universal Communication Interface through Web Services for Heterogeneous Systems with Dynamic System Life Cycle","volume":"5","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Nanayakkara, N. (2021, April 14). Customizable Protocol for Information Transfer between Heterogeneous Platforms. Available online: http:\/\/dl.lib.uom.lk\/handle\/123\/2020."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Hijazi, A.A., Perera, S., Alashwal, A., and Calheiros, R.N. (2019, January 17\u201321). Blockchain Adaption in Construction Supply Chain: A Review of Studies Across Multiple Sectors. Proceedings of the CIB World Building Congress, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"35","article-title":"Offsite Manufacturing in the Construction Industry for Productivity Improvement","volume":"31","author":"Durdyev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"858","article-title":"Critical success factors influencing productivity of construction artisans in the building industry","volume":"9","author":"Afolabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2004.12.027","article-title":"Material delivery problems in construction projects: A possible solution","volume":"104","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.10.207","article-title":"Clients\u2019 involvement in purchasing process for quality construction environment","volume":"168","author":"Janipha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"985","article-title":"Comprehensive verification construction compliance control as the Developer\u2019s project risk reduction tool","volume":"9","author":"Topchiy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol. (IJCIET)"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Hackitt, J. (2018). Building a Safer Future-Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety: Final Report."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Abeysekera, V. (July, January 29). A conceptual framework for client financed construction and non-traditional approaches for financing construction work. Proceedings of the CIOB Construction Conference, Colombo, Sri Lanka."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1108\/13598540110402700","article-title":"New perspectives on construction supply chain integration","volume":"6","author":"Dainty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Supply Chain. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1057\/rlp.2009.11","article-title":"Financial-related causes contributing to project delays","volume":"8","author":"Takim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Retail. Leis. Prop."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"216","article-title":"Critical causes of time overrun in Indian construction projects and mitigation measures","volume":"15","author":"Prasad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Constr. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.5897\/SRE12.138","article-title":"A study of the factors affecting construction time in Western Australia","volume":"7","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Res. Essays"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H., Das, M., Wang, J., Cheng, J., and Kong, H. (2019, January 21\u201324). Construction payment automation through smart contract-based blockchain framework. Proceedings of the 36th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction (ISARC 2019), Edmonton, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.22260\/ISARC2019\/0168"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"112","article-title":"A Framework for Combating Payment-Related Issues (Pri) in the Malaysian Construction Industry","volume":"2","author":"Judi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Built Environ. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"17","article-title":"Security of payment for Hong Kong construction industry","volume":"163","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Manag. Procure. Law"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(1993)119:4(743)","article-title":"Pricing construction risk: Fuzzy set application","volume":"119","author":"Paek","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Ive, G., and Murray, A. (2013). Trade Credit in the UK Construction Industry."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04519013","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000314","article-title":"Late payment and nonpayment within the construction industry: Causes, effects, and solutions","volume":"11","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leg. Aff. Disput. Resolut. Eng. Constr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5130\/AJCEB.v15i1.4214","article-title":"Causes of payment problems in the New Zealand construction industry","volume":"15","author":"Ramachandra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Econ. Build."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1108\/17561451011036496","article-title":"Follow-up empirical study of the performance of the New South Wales construction industry security of payment legislation","volume":"2","author":"Brand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Built Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, H.Y., and Diamantopoulos, A. (2020). Integrating advanced technologies to uphold security of payment: Data flow diagram. Autom. Constr., 114.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103158"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, P., Perera, S., Senaratne, S., and Osei-Kyei, R. (2020). Developing a construction business model transformation canvas. Eng. Constr. Arch. Manag.","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-09-2020-0712"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Nanayakkara, S., Perera, S., and Senaratne, S. (2019, January 17\u201321). Stakeholders\u2019 Perspective on Blockchain and Smart Contracts Solutions for Construction Supply Chains. Proceedings of the CIB World Building Congress, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Rodrigo, M.N.N., Perera, S., Senaratne, S., and Jin, X. (2019, January 6\u20138). Conceptual model on estimating embodied carbon in construction supply chains using value chain and blockchain. Proceedings of the AUBEA Conference, Noosa, Australia."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratnasabapathy, S., Perera, S., and Alashwal, A. (2019, January 8\u201310). A review of smart technology usage in construction and demolition waste management. Proceedings of the World Construction Symposium, Colombo, Sri Lanka.","DOI":"10.31705\/WCS.2019.5"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103688","article-title":"Integrated digital twin and blockchain framework to support accountable information sharing in construction projects","volume":"127","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, B., Bocek, T., and Stiller, B. (2018). The use of blockchains: Application-driven analysis of applicability. Blockchain Technology: Platforms, Tools and Use Cases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2018.03.011"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigo, M.N.N., Perera, S., Senaratne, S., and Jin, X. (2020). Potential Application of Blockchain Technology for Embodied Carbon Estimating in Construction Supply Chains. Buildings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings10080140"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Hijazi, A.A., Perera, S., Al-Ashwal, A.M., and Neves Calheiros, R. (2019, January 24\u201325). Enabling a single source of truth through BIM and blockchain integration. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Innovation, Technology, Enterprise and Entrepreneurship (ICITEE 2019), Manama, Bahrain."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"100215","article-title":"A Methodology for Selection of a Blockchain Platform to Develop an Enterprise System","volume":"23","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Inf. Integr."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Blockchain and financial market innovation","volume":"7","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Commod. Appl. Res. Dig."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Martinovic, I., Kello, L., and Sluganovic, I. (2017). Blockchains for Governmental Services: Design Principles, Applications, and Case Studies, Centre for Technology and Global Affairs."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"BlockchainHub (2018, October 26). Blockchains & Distributed Ledger Technologies. Available online: https:\/\/blockchainhub.net\/blockchains-and-distributed-ledger-technologies-in-general\/."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Szabo, N. (2018, July 18). Smart Contracts. Available online: http:\/\/www.fon.hum.uva.nl\/rob\/Courses\/InformationInSpeech\/CDROM\/Literature\/LOTwinterschool2006\/szabo.best.vwh.net\/smart.contracts.html."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Rudolf, T.H. (2017). Smart Contracts, Walder Wyss Ltd."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luu, L., Chu, D.H., Olickel, H., Saxena, P., and Hobor, A. (2016, January 24\u201328). Making Smart Contracts Smarter. Proceedings of the ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security-CCS\u201916, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978309"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadakis-Vlachopapadopoulos, K., Dimolitsas, I., Dechouniotis, D., Tsiropoulou, E.E., Roussaki, I., and Papavassiliou, S. (2021). On Blockchain-Based Cross-Service Communication and Resource Orchestration on Edge Clouds. Informatics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics8010013"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Jabari, C., Macedo, M., and Al-jabari, M.O. (2020). Towards a New Paradigm of Federated Electronic Health Records in Palestine. Informatics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics7040041"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daramola, O., and Thebus, D. (2020). Architecture-Centric Evaluation of Blockchain-Based Smart Contract E-Voting for National Elections. Informatics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics7020016"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Schmidt, D.C., White, J., and Lenz, G. (2018). Blockchain technology use cases in healthcare. Blockchain Technology: Platforms, Tools and Use Cases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2018.03.006"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103711","article-title":"The application of blockchain-based crypto assets for integrating the physical and financial supply chains in the construction & engineering industry","volume":"127","author":"Hamledari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888920000284","article-title":"A survey on blockchain-based platforms for IoT use-cases","volume":"35","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knowl. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Zou, W., Lo, D., Kochhar, P.S., Le, X.-B.D., Xia, X., Feng, Y., Chen, Z., and Xu, B. (2019). Smart contract development: Challenges and opportunities. IEEE Transact. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erceg, A., Damoska Sekuloska, J., and Keli\u0107, I. (2020). Blockchain in the Tourism Industry\u2014A Review of the Situation in Croatia and Macedonia. Informatics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics7010005"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, R.B., Torrisi, N.M., Yamada, E.R.K., and Pantoni, R.P. (2019). IGR token-raw material and ingredient certification of recipe based foods using smart contracts. Informatics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics6010011"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, D.-Y., and Wang, X. (2018). Applications of blockchain technology to logistics management in integrated casinos and entertainment. Informatics, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics5040044"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suciu, G., N\u0103drag, C., Istrate, C., Vulpe, A., Ditu, M.-C., and Subea, O. (2018, January 25\u201328). Comparative analysis of distributed ledger technologies. Proceedings of the 2018 Global Wireless Summit (GWS), Chiang Rai, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/GWS.2018.8686563"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"118","article-title":"The truth about blockchain","volume":"95","author":"Iansiti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/23738871.2017.1400084","article-title":"Blockchain technology for social impact: Opportunities and challenges ahead","volume":"2","author":"Seidler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cyber Policy"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Buterin, V. (2021, April 14). A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform. Available online: https:\/\/cryptorating.eu\/whitepapers\/Ethereum\/Ethereum_white_paper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Boehm, B.W., Brown, J.R., and Lipow, M. (2019, January 24\u201326). Quantitative evaluation of software quality. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Software Engineering, Bali, Indonesia."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"McCall, J.A., Richards, P.K., and Walters, G.F. (2021, April 14). Factors in Software Quality: Concepts and Definitions of Software Quality. Available online: https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/citations\/ADA049014."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Boehm, B.W., Brown, J.R., and Kaspar, H. (1978). Characteristics of Software Quality, North-Holland Publishing Company."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Evans, M.W., and Marciniak, J.J. (1987). Software Quality Assurance and Management, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Deutsch, M.S., and Willis, R.R. (1988). Software Quality Engineering: A Total Technical and Management Approach, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1109\/32.295895","article-title":"A metrics suite for object oriented design","volume":"20","author":"Chidamber","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2004.1331309","article-title":"Measuring software product quality: A survey of ISO\/IEC 9126","volume":"21","author":"Jung","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glinz, M. (2007, January 15\u201319). On non-functional requirements. Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE 2007), Delhi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2007.45"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Quantitative Evaluation of Aspect-Oriented Software Quality Model (AOSQUAMO)","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkmann, H., Lincke, R., and L\u00f6we, W. (2009, January 26\u201329). Quantitative evaluation of software quality metrics in open-source projects. Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, Bradford, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2009.190"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Hamida, E.B., Brousmiche, K.L., Levard, H., and Thea, E. (2017, January 23\u201327). Blockchain for Enterprise: Overview, Opportunities and Challenges. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC 2017), Nice, France."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porru, S., Pinna, A., Marchesi, M., and Tonelli, R. (2017, January 20\u201328). Blockchain-oriented software engineering: Challenges and new directions. Proceedings of Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Software Engineering Companion, Buenos Aires, Argentina.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-C.2017.142"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10179","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2799854","article-title":"When intrusion detection meets blockchain technology: A review","volume":"6","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Yuan, Y., Wang, X., Li, J., Qin, R., and Wang, F.Y. (2018, January 26\u201330). An overview of smart contract: Architecture, applications, and future trends. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), Changshu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2018.8500488"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.095647","article-title":"Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Web Grid Serv."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koteska, B., Karafiloski, E., and Mishev, A. (2017, January 11\u201313). Blockchain Implementation Quality Challenges: A Literature. Proceedings of the SQAMIA 2017: 6th Workshop of Software Quality, Analysis, Monitoring, Improvement, and Applications, Belgrade, Serbia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2017.8011213"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"369","article-title":"Blockchain for architects: Challenges from the sharing economy","volume":"21","author":"Coyne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archit. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2015.01.040","article-title":"Automatic deployment of distributed software systems: Definitions and state of the art","volume":"103","author":"Arcangeli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Agrawal, M. (2018). IoT, Blockchain & Artificial Intelligence\u2014New Holy Trinity (Technical white paper), Telecom Circle."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Silverberg, K., French, C., Ferenzy, D., and Berg, S.V.D. (2016). Getting Smart: Contracts on the Blockchain, The Institute of International Finance."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Buterin, V. (2018, September 07). Privacy on the Blockchain. Available online: https:\/\/blog.ethereum.org\/2016\/01\/15\/privacy-on-the-blockchain\/."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korpela, K., Hallikas, J., and Dahlberg, T. (2017, January 4\u20137). Digital supply chain transformation toward blockchain integration. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2017.506"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, S.K., Xu, X., Chiam, Y.K., and Lu, Q. (2017, January 5\u20138). Evaluating Suitability of Applying Blockchain. Proceedings of the 2017 22nd International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems (ICECCS), Fukuoka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCS.2017.26"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Dorri, A., Kanhere, S.S., and Jurdak, R. (2016). Blockchain in Internet of Things: Challenges and Solutions. Comput. Sci. Cryptog. Secur."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H.N., Chen, X., and Wang, H. (2017, January 25\u201330). An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataCongress.2017.85"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2018.3111241","article-title":"Blockchain Security and Privacy","volume":"16","author":"Karame","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Rodrigo, M.N.N., Perera, S., Senaratne, S., and Jin, X. (2018, January 18\u201320). Blockchain for Construction Supply Chains: A Literature Synthesis. Proceedings of the ICEC-PAQS Conference 2018, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zyskind, G., and Nathan, O. (2015, January 21\u201325). Decentralizing privacy: Using blockchain to protect personal data. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2015.27"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2017.3791019","article-title":"Blockchain standards for compliance and trust","volume":"4","author":"Anjum","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Filippi, P.D. (2016). The interplay between decentralization and privacy: The case of blockchain technologies. J. Peer Prod., 14."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Gaetani, E., Aniello, L., Baldoni, R., Lombardi, F., Margheri, A., and Sassone, V. (2021, January 7\u20139). Blockchain-based database to ensure data integrity in cloud computing environments. Proceedings of the Italian Conference on Cybersecurity, Venice, Italy."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1108\/eb021137","article-title":"Business failures in the construction industry","volume":"7","author":"Arditi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/014461997373132","article-title":"Factors influencing construction time and cost overruns on high-rise projects in Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Kaming","year":"1997","journal-title":"Constr. Manag. Econ."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103401","article-title":"A smart contract system for security of payment of construction contracts","volume":"120","author":"Ahmadisheykhsarmast","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Raina, P. (2015). An Examination of the Retention Practice in the New Zealand Construction Industry, Auckland University of Technology."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2007.05.007","article-title":"Risk perception and Bayesian analysis of international construction contract risks: The case of payment delays in a developing economy","volume":"26","author":"Adams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/8\/2\/36\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:09:05Z","timestamp":1760162945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/8\/2\/36"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics8020036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics8020036","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]}}}