{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T05:31:27Z","timestamp":1774243887741,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital contact tracing applications (CTAs) have been one of the most widely discussed technical methods of controlling the COVID-19 outbreak. The effectiveness of this technology and its ethical justification depend highly on public acceptance and adoption. This study aims to describe the current knowledge about public acceptance of CTAs and identify individual perspectives, which are essential to consider concerning CTA acceptance and adoption. In this scoping review, 25 studies from four continents across the globe are compiled, and critical topics are identified and discussed. The results show that public acceptance varies across national cultures and sociodemographic strata. Lower acceptance among people who are mistrusting, socially disadvantaged, or those with low technical skills suggest a risk that CTAs may amplify existing inequities. Regarding determinants of acceptance, eight themes emerged, covering both attitudes and behavioral perspectives that can influence acceptance, including trust, privacy concerns, social responsibility, perceived health threat, experience of and access to technologies, performance expectancy and perceived benefits, and understanding. Furthermore, widespread misconceptions about the CTA function are a topic in need of immediate attention to ensure the safe use of CTAs. The intention-action gap is another topic in need of more research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics8030048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T22:37:14Z","timestamp":1626993434000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Digital Contact Tracing Applications during COVID-19: A Scoping Review about Public Acceptance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"My","family":"Villius Zetterholm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Linnaeus University, Universitetsplatsen 1, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Service Management, Aalto University School of Business, Ekonominaukio 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5292-3833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e4ivi","family":"Jokela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Linnaeus University, Universitetsplatsen 1, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riemer, K., Ciriello, R., Peter, S., and Schlagwein, D. (2020). Digital contact-tracing adoption in the COVID-19 pandemic: IT governance for collective action at the societal level. Eur. J. Inf. Syst.","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2020.1819898"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30357-1","article-title":"Impact of contact tracing on SARS-CoV-2 transmission","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"43","article-title":"The Thorny Problems of Covid-19 Contact Tracing Apps: The Need for a Holistic Approach","volume":"4","author":"Osman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Behav. Econ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturniolo, S., Waites, W., Colbourn, T., Manheim, D., and Panovska-Griffiths, J. (2021). Testing, Tracing and isolation in compartmental models. PLoS Comput. Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008633"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fetzer, T., and Graeber, T. (2020, December 23). Does Contact Tracing Work? Quasi-Experimental Evidence from an Excel Error in England. Available online: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3753893.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.10.20247080"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01048-1","article-title":"Upping uptake of COVID contact tracing apps","volume":"5","author":"Toussaert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20572","DOI":"10.2196\/20572","article-title":"Adoption of a Contact Tracing App for Containing COVID-19: A Health Belief Model Approach","volume":"6","author":"Walrave","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Public Heal. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18936","DOI":"10.2196\/18936","article-title":"Peer-to-peer contact tracing: Development of a privacy-preserving smartphone app","volume":"8","author":"Yasaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"European Commision (2020, October 19). How Tracing and Warning Apps Can Help during the Pandemic. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/live-work-travel-eu\/coronavirus-response\/travel-during-coronavirus-pandemic\/how-tracing-and-warning-apps-can-help-during-pandemic_en."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharon, T. (2020). Blind-sided by privacy? Digital contact tracing, the Apple\/Google API and big tech\u2019s newfound role as global health policy makers. Ethics Inf. Technol., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-020-09547-x"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-021-00520-z","article-title":"A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Contact Tracing Application of Covid-19","volume":"2","author":"Sowmiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"25","article-title":"Covid-19 Tracing Contacts Apps: Technical and Privacy Issues","volume":"12","author":"Juneidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Soft Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeinalipour-Yazti, D., and Claramunt, C. (July, January 30). COVID-19 Mobile Contact Tracing Apps (MCTA): A Digital Vaccine or a Privacy Demolition?. Proceedings of the 2020 21st IEEE International Conference on Mobile Data Management (MDM), Versailles, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/MDM48529.2020.00020"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb6936","article-title":"Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing","volume":"368","author":"Ferretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azad, M.A., Arshad, J., Akmal, A., Abdullah, S., Ahmad, F., Imran, M., and Riaz, F. (2020). A First Look at Privacy Analysis of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Mobile Applications. IEEE Internet Things J.","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3024180"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022009","DOI":"10.17061\/phrp3022009","article-title":"Stemming the flow: How much can the Australian smartphone app help to control COVID-19?","volume":"30","author":"Currie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2020). Nature Editorial Show evidence that apps for COVID-19 contact-tracing are secure and effective. Nature, 580, 563.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01264-1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2020.1803155","article-title":"Contact-tracing apps and alienation in the age of COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Rowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Abbas, R., and Michael, K. (2020). IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-57404-8_3","article-title":"A Review of Information Security Aspects of the Emerging Covid-19 Contact Tracing Mobile Phone Applications","volume":"Volume 593","author":"Clarke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Aspects of Information Security and Assurance"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19359","DOI":"10.2196\/19359","article-title":"Covid-19 contact tracing and data protection can go together","volume":"8","author":"Abeler","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102181","article-title":"COVID-19, Digital privacy, and the social limits on data-focused public health responses","volume":"55","author":"Fahey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e342","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30133-3","article-title":"The need for privacy with public digital contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"2","author":"Bengio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Heal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01578-0","article-title":"Ethical guidelines for COVID-19 tracing apps","volume":"582","author":"Morley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walrave, M., Waeterloos, C., and Ponnet, K. (2020). Ready or Not for Contact Tracing? Investigating the Adoption Intention of COVID-19 Contact-Tracing Technology Using an Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Model. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0483"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30673-5","article-title":"COVID-19: Towards controlling of a pandemic","volume":"395","author":"Bedford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Megnin-Viggars, O., Carter, P., Melendez-Torres, G.J., Weston, D., and Rubin, G.J. (2020). Facilitators and barriers to engagement with contact tracing during infectious disease outbreaks: A rapid review of the evidence. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241473"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19857","DOI":"10.2196\/19857","article-title":"Acceptability of App-Based Contact Tracing for COVID-19: Cross-Country Survey Study","volume":"8","author":"Altmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostka, G., and Habich-Sobiegalla, S. (2020). In Times of Crisis: Public Perceptions Towards COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps in China, Germany and the US. SSRN Electron. J.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3693783"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19139","DOI":"10.2196\/19139","article-title":"COVID-19 mobile positioning data contact tracing and patient privacy regulations: Exploratory search of global response strategies and the use of digital tools in Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Ekong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Mandavilli, A. (2020). The Coronavirus is Mutating. What Does That Mean for Us?, The New York Times."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-02544-6","article-title":"The coronavirus is mutating\u2014Does it matter?","volume":"585","author":"Callaway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2020.1784046","article-title":"One app to trace them all? Examining app specifications for mass acceptance of contact-tracing apps","volume":"29","author":"Trang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01451-0","article-title":"Ten reasons why immunity passports are a bad idea","volume":"581","author":"Kofler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi5245","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination passports","volume":"371","author":"Dye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2021, June 02). European Commission Coronavirus: Commission Proposes a Digital Green Certificate. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/IP_21_1181."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"230","article-title":"Looking forward: Toward an understanding of the nature and definition of IT acceptance","volume":"8","author":"Schwarz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","article-title":"Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"Levac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.03.013","article-title":"Scoping reviews: Time for clarity in definition, methods, and reporting","volume":"67","author":"Colquhoun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x","article-title":"Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, S., Allen, P., Peckham, S., and Goodwin, N. (2008). Asking the right questions: Scoping studies in the commissioning of research on the organisation and delivery of health services. Heal. Res. Policy Syst., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4505-6-7"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"A criteria-based assessment of the coverage of scopus and web of science","volume":"4","author":"Aksnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Data Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/135581960501000110","article-title":"Synthesising qualitative and quantitative evidence: A review of possible methods","volume":"10","author":"Agarwal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Heal. Serv. Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109995","article-title":"Perception-based influence factors of intention to adopt COVID-19 epidemic prevention in China","volume":"190","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Singh, G., Sharma, R., Jones, P., Kraus, S., and Dwivedi, Y.K. (2020). Digital Health Innovation: Exploring Adoption of COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing Apps. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaspar, K. (2020). Motivations for social distancing and app use as complementary measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic: Quantitative survey study. J. Med. Internet Res., 22.","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.21613"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suh, A., and Li, M. (2021). Digital tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic: User appraisal, emotion, and continuance intention. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13020608"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T., Cobb, C., Yang, J., Baviskar, S., Agarwal, Y., Li, B., Bauer, L., and Hong, J.I. (2020). What makes people install a COVID-19 contact-tracing app? Understanding the influence of app design and individual difference on contact-tracing app adoption intention. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2021.101439"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13179","article-title":"Public attitudes towards COVID-19 contact tracing apps: A UK-based focus group study","volume":"24","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heal. Expect."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25525","DOI":"10.2196\/25525","article-title":"Early perceptions of COVID-19 contact tracing apps in German-speaking countries: Comparative mixed methods study","volume":"23","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S276183","article-title":"Covid-19 contact-tracing technology: Acceptability and ethical issues of use","volume":"14","author":"Abuhammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrett, P.M., White, J.P., Lewandowsky, S., Kashima, Y., Perfors, A., Little, D.R., Geard, N., Mitchell, L., Tomko, M., and Dennis, S. (2021). The acceptability and uptake of smartphone tracking for COVID-19 in Australia. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244827"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01044-x","article-title":"Tracking and promoting the usage of a COVID-19 contact tracing app","volume":"5","author":"Munzert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Simko, L., Chang, J.L., Jiang, M., Calo, R., Roesner, F., and Kohno, T. (2020, December 04). COVID-19 Contact Tracing and Privacy: A Longitudinal Study of Public Opinion. Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2012.01553.pdf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23081","DOI":"10.2196\/23081","article-title":"Concerns and misconceptions about the australian government\u2019s COVIDsafe app: Cross-sectional survey study","volume":"6","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25701","DOI":"10.2196\/25701","article-title":"Drivers of acceptance of COVID-19 proximity tracing apps in Switzerland: Panel survey analysis","volume":"7","author":"Sieber","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.08.026","article-title":"Attitudes and opinions on quarantine and support for a contact-tracing application in France during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"188","author":"Guillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20741","DOI":"10.2196\/20741","article-title":"COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps: Predicted Uptake in the Netherlands Based on a Discrete Choice Experiment","volume":"8","author":"Jonker","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth uHealth"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Callaghan, M.E., Buckley, J., Fitzgerald, B., Johnson, K., Laffey, J., McNicholas, B., Nuseibeh, B., O\u2019Keeffe, D., O\u2019Keeffe, I., and Razzaq, A. (2020). A national survey of attitudes to COVID-19 digital contact tracing in the Republic of Ireland. Irish J. Med. Sci., 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-020-02389-y"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrett, P.M., Wang, Y., White, J.P., Hsieh, S., Strong, C., Lee, Y.C., Lewandowsky, S., Dennis, S., and Yang, C.T. (2021). Young adults view smartphone tracking technologies for covid-19 as acceptable: The case of taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031332"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wnuk, A., Oleksy, T., and Maison, D. (2020). The acceptance of Covid-19 tracking technologies: The role of perceived threat, lack of control, and ideological beliefs. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238973"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horvath, L., Banducci, S., and James, O. (2020). Citizens\u2019 Attitudes to Contact Tracing Apps. J. Exp. Polit. Sci., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1017\/XPS.2020.30"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3772","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.591638","article-title":"Information Safety Assurances Increase Intentions to Use COVID-19 Contact Tracing Applications, Regardless of Autonomy-Supportive or Controlling Message Framing","volume":"11","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1348\/135910710X485826","article-title":"Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review","volume":"15","author":"Bish","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawshaw, A.F., Deal, A., Rustage, K., Forster, A.S., Campos-Matos, I., Vandrevala, T., W\u00fcrz, A., Pharris, A., Suk, J., and Kinsman, J. (2021). What must be done to tackle vaccine hesitancy and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination in migrants?. J. Travel Med., 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab048"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Baum, A., Newman, S., Weinman, J., West, R., and McManus, C. (1997). The Health Belief Model. Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","article-title":"User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1177\/001872679204500702","article-title":"Development and Test of a Theory of Technological Learning and Usage","volume":"45","author":"Bagozzi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum. Relat."}],"container-title":["Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/8\/3\/48\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:33:12Z","timestamp":1760164392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/8\/3\/48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["informatics8030048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/informatics8030048","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]]}}}