{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:43:34Z","timestamp":1762508614671,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A conceptual artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled framework is presented in this study involving triangulation of various diagnostic methods for management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its associated comorbidities in resource-limited settings (RLS). The proposed AI-enabled framework will afford capabilities to harness low-cost polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostics, radiological image-based assessments, and end-user provided information for the detection of COVID-19 cases and management of symptomatic patients. It will support self-data capture, clinical risk stratification, explanation-based intelligent recommendations for patient triage, disease diagnosis, patient treatment, contact tracing, and case management. This will enable communication with end-users in local languages through cheap and accessible means, such as WhatsApp\/Telegram, social media, and SMS, with careful consideration of the need for personal data protection. The objective of the AI-enabled framework is to leverage multimodal diagnostics of COVID-19 and associated comorbidities in RLS for the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 cases and general support for pandemic recovery. We intend to test the feasibility of implementing the proposed framework through community engagement in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries where many people are living with pre-existing comorbidities. A multimodal approach to disease diagnostics enabling access to point-of-care testing is required to reduce fragmentation of essential services across the continuum of COVID-19 care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics8040063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T23:08:31Z","timestamp":1632784111000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Towards AI-Enabled Multimodal Diagnostics and Management of COVID-19 and Comorbidities in Resource-Limited Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6340-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olawande","family":"Daramola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 8000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Nyasulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4193-2416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tivani","family":"Mashamba-Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9220-649X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. P\u00f6lten University of Applied Sciences, 3100 St. P\u00f6lten, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Broomhead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Information System Program, Pretoria 0181, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ameera","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Information System Program, Pretoria 0181, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaishree","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Envisionit Deep AI, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2605-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindiwe","family":"Whati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gknowmix (Pty) Ltd., Bellville 7530, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6050-2876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maritha J.","family":"Kotze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town 8000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5388-5952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Stroetmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Empirica GmbH, D-53111 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1868-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Chukwudi","family":"Osamor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Ota 1023, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies, M.-A. 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