{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T19:40:55Z","timestamp":1776714055893,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As social media platforms offer a medium for opinion expression, social phenomena such as hatred, offensive language, racism, and all forms of verbal violence have increased spectacularly. These behaviors do not affect specific countries, groups, or communities only, extending beyond these areas into people\u2019s everyday lives. This study investigates offensive and hate speech on Arab social media to build an accurate offensive and hate speech detection system. More precisely, we develop a classification system for determining offensive and hate speech using a multi-task learning (MTL) model built on top of a pre-trained Arabic language model. We train the MTL model on the same task using cross-corpora representing a variation in the offensive and hate context to learn global and dataset-specific contextual representations. The developed MTL model showed a significant performance and outperformed existing models in the literature on three out of four datasets for Arabic offensive and hate speech detection tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics8040069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T21:47:34Z","timestamp":1633988854000},"page":"69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Arabic Offensive and Hate Speech Detection Using a Cross-Corpora Multi-Task Learning Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Wassen","family":"Aldjanabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Ahmed DRAIA, Adrar 01000, Algeria"}]},{"given":"Abdelghani","family":"Dahou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Ahmed DRAIA, Adrar 01000, Algeria"},{"name":"LDDI Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Ahmed DRAIA, Adrar 01000, Algeria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6956-7641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A. A.","family":"Al-qaness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7682-6269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Abd","family":"Elaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5418-7585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Mohamed","family":"Helmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robertas","family":"Dama\u0161evi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2021.101608","article-title":"Internet, social media and online hate speech. 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