{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:02:04Z","timestamp":1780498924560,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study validates and extends the latest unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) with the privacy calculus model. To evaluate the adoption of healthcare and e-government applications, researchers have recommended\u2014in previous literature\u2014the application of technology adoption models with privacy, trust, and security-related constructs. However, the current UTAUT2 model lacks privacy, trust, and security-related constructs. Therefore, the proposed UTAUT2 with the privacy calculus model is incorporated into four constructs: privacy concern, perceived risk, trust in the smart national identity card (SNIC), and perceived credibility. Results from a survey data of 720 respondents show that habit, effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence, hedonic motivation, and price value are direct determinants that influence behavioral intentions to use. Results also revealed that behavioral intentions, facilitating conditions, habits, perceived risks, and privacy concerns are direct predictors of \u2018use behavior\u2019. The authors also analyzed the interrelationships among the research constructs. The extended model may lead toward establishing better innovative e-health services to cover the desires of the citizens through the use of health information applications embedded in an all-in-one card.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics9020031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:44:52Z","timestamp":1648590292000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Extending the UTAUT2 Model with a Privacy Calculus Model to Enhance the Adoption of a Health Information Application in Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8790-240X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Bile Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Cybersecurity, Metro State University, 700 7th St E, St. Paul, MN 55106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0335-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masrah Azrifah Azmi","family":"Murad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering and Information System, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2159-0981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"El-Shekeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Cybersecurity, Metro State University, 700 7th St E, St. Paul, MN 55106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1726-063X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jigang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Cybersecurity, Metro State University, 700 7th St E, St. Paul, MN 55106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"688","article-title":"Privacy and security problems in using health information application in Smart National Identity Card (SNIC)","volume":"32","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Appl. 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