{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T02:10:24Z","timestamp":1774923024105,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fetal echocardiogram is useful for monitoring and diagnosing cardiovascular diseases in the fetus in utero. Importantly, it can be used for assessing prenatal congenital heart disease, for which timely intervention can improve the unborn child\u2019s outcomes. In this regard, artificial intelligence (AI) can be used for the automatic analysis of fetal heart ultrasound images. This study reviews nondeep and deep learning approaches for assessing the fetal heart using standard four-chamber ultrasound images. The state-of-the-art techniques in the field are described and discussed. The compendium demonstrates the capability of automatic assessment of the fetal heart using AI technology. This work can serve as a resource for research in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics9020034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T22:04:02Z","timestamp":1650319442000},"page":"34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Role of Four-Chamber Heart Ultrasound Images in Automatic Assessment of Fetal Heart: A Systematic Understanding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Anjan","family":"Gudigar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1124-089X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghavendra","family":"U.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7744-2857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyothi","family":"Samanth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Technology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akhila","family":"Vasudeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashwal A.","family":"A. J.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krishnananda","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Technology, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ru-San","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore 169609, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Ciaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine\u2014Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0293-3280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chui Ping","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5117-8333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabal Datta","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cogninet Brain Team, Cogninet Australia, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia"},{"name":"School of Business (Information Systems), Faculty of Business, Education, Law & Arts, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1150-2244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Molinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2689-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U. Rajendra","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore 599494, Singapore"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"},{"name":"International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 8608555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2013-028","article-title":"The global burden of congenital heart disease","volume":"24","author":"Hoffman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. 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