{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T10:03:52Z","timestamp":1778839432275,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zayed University, UAE","award":["R18053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18053"]}]},{"name":"Zayed University, UAE","award":["1-441-79"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-441-79"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Department at Taif University","award":["R18053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18053"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Department at Taif University","award":["1-441-79"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-441-79"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Informatics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most studies that claimed changes in smartphone usage during COVID-19 were based on self-reported usage data, e.g., that collected through a questionnaire. These studies were also limited to reporting the overall smartphone usage, with no detailed investigation of distinct types of apps. The current study investigated smartphone usage before and during COVID-19. Our study used a dataset from a smartphone app that objectively logged users\u2019 activities, including apps accessed and each app session start and end time. These were collected during two periods: pre-COVID-19 (161 individuals with 77 females) and during COVID-19 (251 individuals with 159 females). We report on the top 15 apps used in both periods. The Mann\u2013Whitney U test was used for the inferential analysis. The results revealed that the time spent on smartphones has increased since COVID-19. During both periods, emerging adults were found to spend more time on smartphones compared to adults. The time spent on social media apps has also increased since COVID-19. Females were found to spend more time on social media than males. Females were also found to be more likely to launch social media apps than males. There has also been an increase in the number of people who use gaming apps since the pandemic. The use of objectively collected data is a methodological strength of our study. Additionally, we draw parallels with the usage of smartphones in contexts similar to the COVID-19 period, especially concerning the limitations on social gatherings, including working from home for extended periods. Our dataset is made available to other researchers for benchmarking and future comparisons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics9040098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T05:50:52Z","timestamp":1670392252000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Smartphone Usage before and during COVID-19: A Comparative Study Based on Objective Recording of Usage Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5052-9285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khansa","family":"Chemnad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2138-4731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameha","family":"Alshakhsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2193-1472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Basel","family":"Almourad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Dubai P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Altuwairiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Phalp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5285-7829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raian","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 5825, Qatar"},{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, November 10). Timeline: WHO\u2019s COVID-19 Response. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/interactive-timeline."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Chin, J., and Rajermani, T. (2021). The Usage of Mobile Phone User during COVID-19 Pandemic. INTI J., 2021, Available online: https:\/\/intijournal.intimal.edu.my\/intijournal.htm."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021, November 10). Coronavirus Impact: Global Device Usage Increase by Country. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1106607\/device-usage-coronavirus-worldwide-by-country\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2021, November 10). Online Nation. Ofcom. 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