{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T16:40:08Z","timestamp":1781368808717,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid advancements of technology related to the Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems mark an ongoing industrial revolution. Digital Twins and Augmented Reality play a significant role in this technological advancement. They are highly complementary concepts enabling the representation of physical assets in the digital space (Digital Twin) and the augmentation of physical space with digital information (Augmented Reality). Throughout the last few years, research has picked up on this and explored the possibilities of combining DT and AR. However, cybersecurity scholars have not yet paid much attention to this combined-arms approach, despite its potential. Especially, concerning contemporary security challenges, such as developing cyber situational awareness and including human factors into cybersecurity, AR and DT, offer tremendous potential for improvement. In this work, we systematize existing knowledge on AR-powered DTs and shed light on why and how cybersecurity could benefit from this combination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp1030026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T12:20:37Z","timestamp":1631190037000},"page":"519-538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Augmented Reality and the Digital Twin: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives for Cybersecurity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0023-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"B\u00f6hm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6885-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marietheres","family":"Dietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Preindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnther","family":"Pernul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"MarketsAndMarkets (2021, July 20). Digital Twin Market Worth $48.2 Billion by 2026. Available online: https:\/\/www.marketsandmarkets.com\/PressReleases\/digital-twin.asp."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutherland, I.E. (1968, January 9\u201311). A head-mounted three dimensional display. Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference, Part I, San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1476589.1476686"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2016.10.010","article-title":"How augmented reality apps are accepted by consumers: A comparative analysis using scales and opinions","volume":"124","author":"Rese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21980","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970143","article-title":"Digital Twin: Values, Challenges and Enablers From a Modeling Perspective","volume":"8","author":"Rasheed","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroeder, G., Steinmetz, C., Pereira, C.E., Muller, I., Garcia, N., Espindola, D., and Rodrigues, R. (2016, January 19\u201321). Visualising the digital twin using web services and augmented reality. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 14th International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), Poitiers, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/INDIN.2016.7819217"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minerva, R., Lee, G.M., and Crespi, N. (2020). Digital Twin in the IoT Context: A Survey on Technical Features, Scenarios, and Architectural Models, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.2998530"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2014.06.008","article-title":"Cyber situational awareness\u2014A systematic review of the literature","volume":"46","author":"Franke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MSEC.2019.2961650","article-title":"Unleashing the Digital Twin\u2019s Potential for ICS Security","volume":"18","author":"Dietz","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00f6hm, F., Vielberth, M., and Pernul, G. (2021, January 11\u201313). Bridging Knowledge Gaps in Security Analytics. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy\u2014Volume 1: ICISSP, INSTICC, Online Streaming.","DOI":"10.5220\/0010225400980108"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1321","article-title":"A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays","volume":"77","author":"Milgram","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ieice Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.4.355","article-title":"A survey of augmented reality","volume":"6","author":"Azuma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence Teleoperators Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.10.024","article-title":"Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education","volume":"62","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Diegmann, P., Schmidt-Kraepelin, M., Eynden, S., and Basten, D. (2015, January 4\u20136). Benefits of augmented reality in educational environments-a systematic literature review. Proceedings of the Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2015, Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"The Huffington Post (2021, July 20). The Lengthy History of Augmented Reality. Available online: https:\/\/images.huffingtonpost.com\/2016-05-13-1463155843-8474094-AR_history_timeline.jpg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.03.223","article-title":"Visualisation of the Digital Twin data in manufacturing by using Augmented Reality","volume":"81","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Cirp"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Chamary, J. (2021, July 20). Why Pokemon Go is the World\u2019s Most Important Game. Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/jvchamary\/2018\/02\/10\/pokemon-go-science-health-benefits."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Fortin, C., Rivest, L., Bernard, A., and Bouras, A. (2019). Augmented Reality for Operator Training on Industrial Workplaces\u2014Comparing the Microsoft HoloLens vs. Small and Big Screen Tactile Devices. Product Lifecycle Management in the Digital Twin Era, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, D., Jin, J.S., Luo, S., Lai, W., and Huang, Q. (2009). A useful visualization technique: A literature review for augmented reality and its application, limitation & future direction. Visual Information Communication, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0312-9_21"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Grieves, M. (2002). Conceptual Ideal for PLM, Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) Center."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-019-00624-0","article-title":"Digital Twin: Empowering Enterprises Towards a System-of-Systems Approach","volume":"62","author":"Dietz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Enders, M.R., and Ho\u00dfbach, N. (2019, January 15\u201317). Dimensions of Digital Twin Applications\u2014A Literature Review. Proceedings of the 25th Americas Conference on Information Systems, AMCIS 2019, Cancun, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2873186","article-title":"Digital Twin in Industry: State-of-the-Art","volume":"15","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Grieves, M. (2021, July 20). Digital Twin: Manufacturing Excellence through Virtual Factory Replication; 2014. Available online: https:\/\/www.3ds.com\/fileadmin\/PRODUCTS-SERVICES\/DELMIA\/PDF\/Whitepaper\/DELMIA-APRISO-Digital-Twin-Whitepaper.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14039","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3068736","article-title":"Terra: A Smart and Sensible Digital Twin Framework for Robust Robot Deployment in Challenging Environments","volume":"8","author":"Mo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Boschert, S., Heinrich, C., and Rosen, R. (2018, January 7\u201311). Next Generation Digital Twin. Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Tools and Methods of Competitive Engineering, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.198","article-title":"A Review of the Roles of Digital Twin in CPS-based Production Systems","volume":"11","author":"Negri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"879","article-title":"A Guide to Conducting a Standalone Systematic Literature Review","volume":"37","author":"Okoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration","volume":"62","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., and Brennan, S.E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.08.474","article-title":"Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification","volume":"51","author":"Kritzinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-06838-5","article-title":"Machining process-oriented monitoring method based on digital twin via augmented reality","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, F., Zhang, M., and Nee, A.Y.C. (2019). Digital Twin Driven Smart Manufacturing, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817630-6.00010-2"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auer, M.E., and Langmann, R. (2019). Exposing Robot Learning to Students in Augmented Reality Experience. Smart Industry & Smart Education, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95678-7"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leskovsk\u1ef3, R., Ku\u010dera, E., Haffner, O., and Rosinov\u00e1, D. (February, January 29). Proposal of Digital Twin Platform Based on 3D Rendering and IIoT Principles Using Virtual\/Augmented Reality. Proceedings of the 2020 Cybernetics & Informatics (K&I), Velke Karlovice, Czech.","DOI":"10.1109\/KI48306.2020.9039804"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122908","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3007206","article-title":"Integration of Industry 4.0 Related Technologies in Construction Industry: A Framework of Cyber-Physical System","volume":"8","author":"You","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2018.10.070","article-title":"Towards improving the future of manufacturing through digital twin and augmented reality technologies","volume":"17","author":"Rabah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kritzler, M., Funk, M., Michahelles, F., and Rohde, W. (2017, January 22\u201325). The virtual twin: Controlling smart factories using a spatially-correct augmented reality representation. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on the Internet of Things, Linz, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/3131542.3140274"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vrih.2019.10.002","article-title":"Digital assembly technology based on augmented reality and digital twins: A review","volume":"1","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virtual Real. Intell. Hardw."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.103","article-title":"A enhanced interaction framework based on VR, AR and MR in digital twin","volume":"83","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Cirp"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaga, A., and Tamas, L. (2018, January 19\u201322). Augmented reality for digital manufacturing. Proceedings of the 2018 26th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED), Zadar, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/MED.2018.8443028"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, T.a., Ruppert, T., Eigner, G., and Abonyi, J. (2021, January 19\u201321). Real-time locating system and digital twin in Lean 4.0. Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics (SACI), Timisoara, Romania.","DOI":"10.1109\/SACI51354.2021.9465544"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2021.03.066","article-title":"Digital twin support for laser-based assembly assistance","volume":"99","author":"Meier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schilling, K., Stanetzky, D., and Brecher, C. (2019, January 8\u201311). A Mixed Reality Application for Linked Data in Engineering and Production. Proceedings of the Mensch und Computer 2019, Hamburg, Germany.","DOI":"10.1145\/3340764.3344889"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prouzeau, A., Wang, Y., Ens, B., Willett, W., and Dwyer, T. (2020). Corsican Twin: Authoring In Situ Augmented Reality Visualisations in Virtual Reality. AVI \u201920: Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, Salerno, Italy, 28 September 2020, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3399715.3399743"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2019.04.330","article-title":"Digital twin enhanced human-machine interaction in product lifecycle","volume":"83","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Cirp"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2019.01.001","article-title":"Ubiquitous knowledge empowers the Smart Factory: The impacts of a Service-oriented Digital Twin on enterprises\u2019 performance","volume":"47","author":"Longo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.04.005","article-title":"Using augmented reality to build digital twin for reconfigurable additive manufacturing system","volume":"56","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2021.05.071","article-title":"Cyber-physical-system for representing a robot end effector","volume":"100","author":"Deuerlein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sepasgozar, S.M. (2020). Digital Twin and Web-Based Virtual Gaming Technologies for Online Education: A Case of Construction Management and Engineering. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10134678"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo\u00e3o, D.V., Lodetti, P.Z., Martins, M.A.I., and Almeida, J.F. (2020, January 3\u20136). Virtual and Augmented Reality Applied in Power Electric Utilities for Human Interface Improvement\u2014A Study Case for Best Practices. Proceedings of the IEEE Technology & Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON), Novi, MI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMSCON47658.2020.9140129"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandl, B., Stehling, M., Schmiedinger, T., and Adam, M. (2017, January 22\u201325). Enhancing workplace learning by augmented reality. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on the Internet of Things, Linz, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/3131542.3140265"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karadeniz, A.M., Arif, \u0130., Kanak, A., and Erg\u00fcn, S. (2019, January 26\u201329). Digital twin of egastronomic things: A case study for ice cream machines. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Sapporo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2019.8702679"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raybourn, E.M., and Trechter, R. (2018). Applying Model-Based Situational Awareness and Augmented Reality to Next-Generation Physical Security Systems. Cyber-Physical Systems Security, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98935-8_16"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Hasan, S.M., Lee, K., Moon, D., Kwon, S., Jinwoo, S., and Lee, S. (2021). Augmented reality and digital twin system for interaction with construction machinery. J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng., 1\u201312."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Utzig, S., Kaps, R., Azeem, S.M., and Gerndt, A. (2019, January 2\u20139). Augmented Reality for Remote Collaboration in Aircraft Maintenance Tasks. Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2019.8742228"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pargmann, H., Euhausen, D., and Faber, R. (2018, January 20\u201322). Intelligent big data processing for wind farm monitoring and analysis based on cloud-technologies and digital twins: A quantitative approach. Proceedings of the IEEE 3rd International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data Analysis (ICCCBDA), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCBDA.2018.8386518"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"XR Association (2021, July 20). 2020 Augmented And Virtual Reality Survey Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.perkinscoie.com\/images\/content\/2\/3\/v4\/231654\/2020-AR-VR-Survey-v3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ssin, S., Cho, H., and Woo, W. (2021, January 10\u201312). GeoVCM: Virtual Urban Digital Twin System Augmenting Virtual and Real Geo-spacial Data. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Las Vegas, NV, USA. ISSN: 2158-4001.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE50685.2021.9427709"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paripooranan, C.S., Abishek, R., Vivek, D.C., and Karthik, S. (2020, January 14\u201316). An Implementation of AR Enabled Digital Twins for 3-D Printing. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Smart Electronic Systems (iSES) (Formerly iNiS), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/iSES50453.2020.00043"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burghardt, A., Szybicki, D., Gierlak, P., Kurc, K., Pietru\u015b, P., and Cygan, R. (2020). Programming of Industrial Robots Using Virtual Reality and Digital Twins. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020486"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2938885","article-title":"A Digital Twin Based Industrial Automation and Control System Security Architecture","volume":"16","author":"Gehrmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102425","article-title":"EtherTwin: Blockchain-based Secure Digital Twin Information Management","volume":"58","author":"Putz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckhart, M., and Ekelhart, A. (2019). Digital Twins for Cyber-Physical Systems Security: State of the Art and Outlook. Security and Quality in Cyber-Physical Systems Engineering, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25312-7_14"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danilczyk, W., Sun, Y., and He, H. (2019, January 13\u201315). ANGEL: An Intelligent Digital Twin Framework for Microgrid Security. Proceedings of the North American Power Symposium (NAPS), Wichita, KS, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NAPS46351.2019.9000371"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Lie, D., and Mannan, M. (2018, January 15\u201319). A Specification-based State Replication Approach for Digital Twins. Proceedings of the 2018 Workshop on Cyber-Physical Systems Security and PrivaCy, Toronto, Canada."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckhart, M., and Ekelhart, A. (2018, January 4). Towards Security-Aware Virtual Environments for Digital Twins. Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Cyber-Physical System Security (CPSS \u201918), Incheon, Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/3198458.3198464"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietz, M., Vielberth, M., and Pernul, G. (2020, January 25\u201328). Integrating Digital Twin Security Simulations in the Security Operations Center. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES \u201920), Virtual Event, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1145\/3407023.3407039"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atalay, M., and Angin, P. (2020, January 3\u20135). A Digital Twins Approach to Smart Grid Security Testing and Standardization. Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 IoT, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroInd4.0IoT48571.2020.9138264"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2011.67","article-title":"Stuxnet: Dissecting a Cyberwarfare Weapon","volume":"9","author":"Langner","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Secur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Miller, S., Brubaker, N., Kappelmann, Z., and Caban, D. (2021, July 20). Triton Actor TTP Profile, Custom Attack Tools, Detections, and ATT&CK Mapping. Available online: https:\/\/www.fireeye.com\/blog\/threat-research\/2019\/04\/triton-actor-ttp-profile-custom-attack-tools-detections.html."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"D\u2019Agostino, G., and Scala, A. (2018). Analysis of Cybersecurity Threats in Industry 4.0: The Case of Intrusion Detection. Critical Information Infrastructures Security, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vielberth, M., Glas, M., Dietz, M., Karagiannis, S., Magkos, E., and Pernul, G. (2021). A Digital Twin-Based Cyber Range for SOC Analysts. Data and Applications Security and Privacy XXXV, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81242-3_17"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Industrial Internet Consortium (2021, July 20). Digital Twins for Industrial Appplications. Available online: https:\/\/www.iiconsortium.org\/pdf\/IIC_Digital_Twins_Industrial_Apps_White_Paper_2020-02-18.pdf."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-800X\/1\/3\/26\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:59:26Z","timestamp":1760165966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-800X\/1\/3\/26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcp1030026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcp1030026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-800X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-800X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]}}}