{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T16:36:05Z","timestamp":1779381365817,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Central Florida"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The proper use of Android app permissions is crucial to the success and security of these apps. Users must agree to permission requests when installing or running their apps. Despite official Android platform documentation on proper permission usage, there are still many cases of permission abuse. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the Android permission landscape, highlighting trends and patterns in permission requests across various applications from the Google Play Store. By distinguishing between benign and malicious applications, we uncover developers\u2019 evolving strategies, with malicious apps increasingly requesting fewer permissions to evade detection, while benign apps request more to enhance functionality. In addition to examining permission trends across years and app features such as advertisements, in-app purchases, content ratings, and app sizes, we leverage association rule mining using the FP-Growth algorithm. This allows us to uncover frequent permission combinations across the entire dataset, specific years, and 16 app genres. The analysis reveals significant differences in permission usage patterns, providing a deeper understanding of co-occurring permissions and their implications for user privacy and app functionality. By categorizing permissions into high-level semantic groups and examining their application across distinct app categories, this study offers a structured approach to analyzing the dynamics within the Android ecosystem. The findings emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring, user education, and regulatory oversight to address permission misuse effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp5030058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T15:44:21Z","timestamp":1755186261000},"page":"58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Comprehensive Analysis of Evolving Permission Usage in Android Apps: Trends, Threats, and Ecosystem Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8144-5302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Alkinoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, 4328 Scorpius St, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trung Cuong","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, 4328 Scorpius St, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5681-7223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahod","family":"Alghuried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Najran Street, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8508-9281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Najran University, 1988 King Abdul Aziz Street, University City District, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1252-2263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soohyeon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information System, Singapore Management University, 80 Stamford Road, Singapore 178902, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7270-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manar","family":"Mohaisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 N St Louis Ave, Chicago, IL 60625, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1701-9176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Data Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6478-4674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3227-2505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mohaisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, 4328 Scorpius St, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senanayake, J., Kalutarage, H., and Al-Kadri, M.O. (2021). Android Mobile Malware Detection Using Machine Learning: A Systematic Review. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10131606"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Play, G. (2025, July 19). Google Play Statistics and Trends 2024. Available online: https:\/\/42matters.com\/google-play-statistics-and-trends."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Elad, B. (2025, July 19). 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