{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:17Z","timestamp":1787028677568,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Telekom Malaysia Research &amp; Development Grant","award":["RDTC\/221045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDTC\/221045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional encryption prioritises confidentiality but complicates search operations, requiring decryption before searches can be conducted. The public key encryption with keyword search (PEKS) scheme addresses this limitation by enabling authorised users to search for specific keywords within encrypted data without compromising the underlying encryption. This facilitates efficient and secure data retrieval without the need to decrypt the entire dataset. However, PEKS is susceptible to the keyword guessing attack (KGA), exploiting the deterministic nature of the PEKS trapdoor so that the adversary can correctly guess the keyword encrypted in a trapdoor. To enhance PEKS security to counter a KGA, various schemes have been proposed. A notable one is public key authenticated encryption with keyword search (PAEKS). PAEKS combines authentication and encryption with keyword-based search functionalities, ensuring data source authentication, encrypted information security, and keyword-based searches. However, many existing PAEKS schemes rely on computationally exhaustive bilinear pairing. In this paper, we propose a PAEKS scheme based on k-resilient identity-based encryption without bilinear pairing. By using the provable security approach, we show that our proposed PAEKS scheme satisfies both ciphertext privacy and trapdoor privacy. We present a comparison of the computation cost of our proposed PAEKS scheme with the existing PAEKS schemes and highlight its efficiency, particularly in the Test algorithm, where it achieves the fastest execution time. By performing experiments using the real-world Enron Email dataset, we show that the proposed scheme is efficient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp5030062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T13:01:13Z","timestamp":1756818073000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficient k-Resilient Public Key Authenticated Encryption with Keyword Search"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0367-4129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koon-Ming","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3627-2131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swee-Huay","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Intelligent Cloud Computing, CoE for Advanced Cloud, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1182-1210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syh-Yuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1267-1894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shing-Chiang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Analytics, CoE for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boneh, D., Di Crescenzo, G., Ostrovsky, R., and Persiano, G. (2004, January 2\u20136). Public key encryption with keyword search. Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT 2004: International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Interlaken, Switzerland. Proceedings 23.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24676-3_30"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byun, J.W., Rhee, H.S., Park, H.A., and Lee, D.H. (2006). Off-line keyword guessing attacks on recent keyword search schemes over encrypted data. Proceedings of the Workshop on Secure Data Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11844662_6"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2018.12.004","article-title":"Keyword guessing attacks on a public key encryption with keyword search scheme without random oracle and its improvement","volume":"479","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Yau, W.C., Heng, S.H., and Goi, B.M. (2008, January 23\u201325). Off-line keyword guessing attacks on recent public key encryption with keyword search schemes. Proceedings of the Autonomic and Trusted Computing: 5th International Conference, ATC 2008, Oslo, Norway. Proceedings 5."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1080\/00207160.2013.778985","article-title":"Keyword guessing attacks on secure searchable public key encryption schemes with a designated tester","volume":"90","author":"Yau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Math."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2017.03.038","article-title":"An efficient public-key searchable encryption scheme secure against inside keyword guessing attacks","volume":"403","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4397","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3077508","article-title":"Lightweight public key authenticated encryption with keyword search against adaptively-chosen-targets adversaries for mobile devices","volume":"21","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s12530-021-09387-0","article-title":"Public key authenticated encryption with multiple keywords search using Mamdani system","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ifs.2018.5315","article-title":"Public key authenticated encryption with keyword search: Revisited","volume":"13","author":"Noroozi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.12.063","article-title":"Public-key authenticated encryption with keyword search revisited: Security model and constructions","volume":"516","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heng, S.H., and Kurosawa, K. (2004, January 23\u201327). k-Resilient identity-based encryption in the standard model. Proceedings of the Topics in Cryptology\u2013CT-RSA 2004: The Cryptographers\u2019 Track at the RSA Conference 2004, San Francisco, CA, USA. Proceedings.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24660-2_6"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdalla, M., Bellare, M., Catalano, D., Kiltz, E., Kohno, T., Lange, T., Malone-Lee, J., Neven, G., Paillier, P., and Shi, H. (2005, January 14\u201318). Searchable encryption revisited: Consistency properties, relation to anonymous IBE, and extensions. Proceedings of the Advances in Cryptology\u2013CRYPTO 2005: 25th Annual International Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. Proceedings 25.","DOI":"10.1007\/11535218_13"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Baek, J., Safavi-Naini, R., and Susilo, W. (July, January 30). Public key encryption with keyword search revisited. Proceedings of the Computational Science and Its Applications\u2013ICCSA 2008: International Conference, Perugia, Italy. Proceedings, Part I 8."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.11.726","article-title":"Trapdoor security in a searchable public-key encryption scheme with a designated tester","volume":"83","author":"Rhee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.01.004","article-title":"Designated-server identity-based authenticated encryption with keyword search for encrypted emails","volume":"481","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2023.102839","article-title":"A more efficient public-key authenticated encryption scheme with keyword search","volume":"137","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Syst. Archit."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13544","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3262660","article-title":"User-friendly Public-key Authenticated Encryption with Keyword Search for Industrial Internet of Things","volume":"10","author":"Pu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2023.103793","article-title":"Pairing-free public-key authenticated encryption with keyword search","volume":"88","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, D.J., Kim, K., and Lee, P.J. (2004). Public key encryption with conjunctive field keyword search. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Information Security Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-31815-6_7"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, Y.H., and Lee, P.J. (2007, January 2\u20134). Public key encryption with conjunctive keyword search and its extension to a multi-user system. Proceedings of the International Conference on Pairing-Based Cryptography, Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73489-5_2"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.C., and Horng, G. (2009, January 7\u20139). Timestamped conjunctive keyword-searchable public key encryption. Proceedings of the 2009 Fourth International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control (ICICIC), Kaohsiung, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICIC.2009.369"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Wu, C., Wang, D., and Li, S. (2012, January 29). Conjunctive keywords searchable encryption with efficient pairing, constant ciphertext and short trapdoor. Proceedings of the Intelligence and Security Informatics: Pacific Asia Workshop, PAISI 2012, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Proceedings.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30428-6_15"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-018-00426-7","article-title":"Provably secure public-key encryption with conjunctive and subset keyword search","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7034944","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7034944","article-title":"Tree-Based Public Key Encryption with Conjunctive Keyword Search","volume":"2021","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khader, D. (2006, January 8\u201311). Public key encryption with keyword search based on K-resilient IBE. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, Glasgow, UK.","DOI":"10.1007\/11751595_33"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1002\/sec.505","article-title":"Efficient encryption with keyword search in mobile networks","volume":"5","author":"Yau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Secur. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellare, M., and Rogaway, P. (1993, January 3\u20135). Random oracles are practical: A paradigm for designing efficient protocols. Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Fairfax, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/168588.168596"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1145\/1008731.1008734","article-title":"The random oracle methodology, revisited","volume":"51","author":"Canetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. ACM (JACM)"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, S.Y., and Gro\u00df, T. (2020, January 7\u201311). Monipoly\u2014An expressive q-SDH-based anonymous attribute-based credential system. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, Virtual.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64840-4_17"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.5220\/0012716100003767","article-title":"K-Resilient Public Key Authenticated Encryption with Keyword Search","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Security and Cryptography"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., and Shi, H. (2025). Pairing-Free Searchable Encryption for Enhancing Security Against Frequency Analysis Attacks. Electronics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics14030552"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Menezes, A.J., Van Oorschot, P.C., and Vanstone, S.A. (1996). Handbook of Applied Cryptography, CRC."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimt, B., and Yang, Y. (2004, January 20\u201324). The enron corpus: A new dataset for email classification research. Proceedings of the European Conference on Machine Learning, Pisa, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30115-8_22"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-800X\/5\/3\/62\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:36:58Z","timestamp":1760035018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-800X\/5\/3\/62"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jcp5030062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcp5030062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-800X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-800X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}}}