{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:24:46Z","timestamp":1778372686630,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this literature review, we critically examine the evolving landscape of privacy in blockchain systems, with a particular focus on the differentiation of privacy attacks and protective measures across three distinct layers: the on-chain layer; the off-chain layer; and on the infrastructure, i.e., peer-to-peer network layer. In this review, we categorize prevalent privacy attacks, such as transaction tracing, data leakage, and network surveillance, highlighting their implications at each layer. In addition, we evaluate a range of protective techniques, including cryptographic methods, zero-knowledge proofs, and other privacy-preserving protocols. We explore the compatibility of these privacy techniques with existing blockchain systems. By synthesizing current research and practical implementations, our aims are to provide a comprehensive understanding of privacy challenges and solutions in blockchain environments, identify gaps, and guide future developments in privacy-enhancing technologies within the blockchain ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp5030065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T15:15:57Z","timestamp":1756912557000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Systematic Literature Review of Information Privacy in Blockchain Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9965-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Herbert","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Teknologivegen, 222815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2809-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Nowostawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Teknologivegen, 222815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0177-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basel","family":"Katt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Teknologivegen, 222815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S. 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