{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T06:31:34Z","timestamp":1766212294761,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High cybersecurity risks and attacks cause information theft, unauthorized access to data and information, reputational damage, and financial loss in small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This creates a need to adopt information security systems of SMEs through innovation and compliance with information security policies. This study seeks to develop an integrated research model assessing the adoption of InfoSec systems in SMEs based on three existing theories, namely the technology acceptance model (TAM), theory of reasoned action (TRA), and unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). A thorough review of literature identified prior experience, enjoyment of new InfoSec technology, top management support, IT infrastructure, security training, legal-governmental regulations, and attitude as potential determinants of adoption of InfoSec systems. A self-developed and self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 418 employees, mid-level managers, and top-level managers working in SMEs operating in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study found that prior experience, top management support, IT infrastructure, security training, and legal-governmental regulations have a positive impact on attitude toward InfoSec systems, which in turn positively influences the adoption of InfoSec systems. Gender, education, and occupation significantly moderated the impact of some determinants on attitude and, consequently, adoption of InfoSec systems. Such an integrated framework offers actionable insights and recommendations, including enhancing information security awareness and compliance with information security policies, as well as increasing profitability within SMEs. The study findings make considerable theoretical contributions to the development of knowledge and deliver practical contributions towards the status of SMEs in Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp5040113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:32:03Z","timestamp":1766068323000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Determinants of Information Security Systems Adoption in Saudi Arabian SMEs: An Integrated Multitheoretical Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ali Abdu M","family":"Dighriri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business, Government & Law, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2601, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Management Information Systems, Faculty of Business, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarvjeet Kaur","family":"Chatrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business, Government & Law, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Mohammadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91293-2_1","article-title":"Cyber-Attacks Against Critical Infrastructure","volume":"56","author":"Lehto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cyber Security"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AEF.34.267","article-title":"The Impact of Human Behaviour on Cyber Security of the Maritime Systems","volume":"34","author":"Raicu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Forum"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2022.06.054","article-title":"Ensuring the Security of an Automated Information System in a Regional Innovation Cluster","volume":"63","author":"Kirilchuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-021-01560-1","article-title":"The Role of Self-Efficacy on the Adoption of Information Systems Security Innovations: A Meta-Analysis Assessment","volume":"25","author":"Hameed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquitous Comput."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Fortune Business Insights (2025). Cybersecurity Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, Fortune Business Insights."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Cobalt (2025, July 15). Top Cybersecurity Statistics for 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.cobalt.io\/blog\/top-cybersecurity-statistics-2025."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2025, October 12). Secure IT Consult 2025 Adoption Rates of Advanced Security Technologies: A Statistical Deep Dive. Available online: https:\/\/secureitconsult.com\/advanced-security-tech-adoption-statistics\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Fox, T. (Cybercrime Magazine, 2025). Cybercrime to Cost the World $12.2 Trillion Annually by 2031, Cybercrime Magazine."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almubayedh, D., Khalis, M.A., Alazman, G., Alabdali, M., Al-Refai, R., and Nagy, N. (2018, January 25\u201326). Security Related Issues in Saudi Arabia Small Organizations: A Saudi Case Study. Proceedings of the 2018 21st Saudi Computer Society National Computer Conference (NCC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","DOI":"10.1109\/NCG.2018.8593058"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-06-2019-0269","article-title":"Information Security Awareness in a Developing Country Context: Insights from the Government Sector in Saudi Arabia","volume":"34","author":"AlMindeel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. People"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06016","article-title":"Measuring the Level of Cyber-Security Awareness for Cybercrime in Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Alzubaidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joitmc.2023.100010","article-title":"Behavioral Intention to Adopt FinTech Services: An Extension of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology","volume":"9","author":"Bajunaied","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2021.100337","article-title":"Unto the Breach: What the COVID-19 Pandemic Exposes about Digitalization","volume":"31","author":"Faraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Organ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sargiotis, D. (2024). Data Security and Privacy: Protecting Sensitive Information. Data Governance, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-67268-2_6"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370444","DOI":"10.1080\/23311975.2024.2370444","article-title":"Key Factors Influencing Long-Term Retention among Contact Centre Employee in Malaysia: A Delphi Method Study","volume":"11","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogent Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11261-8","article-title":"Analysis of Cyber Security Knowledge Gaps Based on Cyber Security Body of Knowledge","volume":"28","author":"Catal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2018.11.003","article-title":"Information Security Breaches and IT Security Investments: Impacts on Competitors","volume":"56","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslan, \u00d6., Aktu\u011f, S.S., Ozkan-Okay, M., Yilmaz, A.A., and Akin, E. (2023). A Comprehensive Review of Cyber Security Vulnerabilities, Threats, Attacks, and Solutions. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12061333"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hameed, M.A., and Arachchilage, N.A.G. (2019). On the Impact of Perceived Vulnerability in the Adoption of Information Systems Security Innovations. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"13","article-title":"Investigating the Impact of Cybersecurity Policy Awareness on Employees\u2019 Cybersecurity Behavior","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1145\/3400043.3400046","article-title":"Organizational Adoption of Information Security Solutions: An Integrative Lens Based on Innovation Adoption and the Technology-Organization-Environment Framework","volume":"51","author":"Herath","year":"2020","journal-title":"SIGMIS Database"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naradda Gamage, S.K., Ekanayake, E., Abeyrathne, G., Prasanna, R., Jayasundara, J., and Rajapakshe, P. (2020). A Review of Global Challenges and Survival Strategies of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Economies, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/economies8040079"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"100080","article-title":"LCCI: A Framework for Least Cybersecurity Controls to Be Implemented for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)","volume":"2","author":"Pawar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag. Data Insights"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp1020012","article-title":"Information Security and Cybersecurity Management: A Case Study with SMEs in Portugal","volume":"1","author":"Antunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cybersecur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1108\/JIC-05-2019-0128","article-title":"Modelling Adaptive Information Security for SMEs in a Cluster","volume":"21","author":"Spruit","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Cap."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.11.070","article-title":"A Customizable Web Platform to Manage Standards Compliance of Information Security and Cybersecurity Auditing","volume":"196","author":"Antunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2020.03.010","article-title":"Calculated Risk? A Cybersecurity Evaluation Tool for SMEs","volume":"63","author":"Benz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"397","article-title":"It Won\u2019t Happen to Me: Surveying SME Attitudes to Cyber-Security","volume":"63","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"467","article-title":"It Is Not My Job: Exploring the Disconnect between Corporate Security Policies and Actual Security Practices in SMEs","volume":"28","author":"Sadok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Cont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.10.3.255","article-title":"The Illusory Diffusion of Innovation: An Examination of Assimilation Gaps","volume":"10","author":"Fichman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000650","article-title":"Innovation Diffusion in Global Contexts: Determinants of Post-Adoption Digital Transformation of European Companies","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1050.0487","article-title":"The Process of Innovation Assimilation by Firms in Different Countries: A Technology Diffusion Perspective on e-Business","volume":"52","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSKD.2020070105","article-title":"The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology: A new approach in technology acceptance","volume":"12","author":"Momani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sociotechnology Knowl. Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1110.0393","article-title":"Institutional Influences on Information Systems Security Innovations","volume":"23","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hassan, N. (2025, October 15). Saudi Arabia\u2019s Cybersecurity Market Poised for Growth amid Rising Investments. Available online: https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2573805\/business-economy."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"40","article-title":"Cyber Security Challenges Faced by Employees in the Digital Workplace of Saudi Arabia\u2019s Digital Nature Organization","volume":"17","author":"Muthuswamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cyber Criminol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McIlwraith, A. (2021). Information Security and Employee Behaviour: How to Reduce Risk Through Employee Education, Training and Awareness, Routledge. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429281785"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/19393555.2024.2357310","article-title":"One Size Does Not Fit All: Exploring the Cybersecurity Perspectives and Engagement Preferences of UK-Based Small Businesses","volume":"34","author":"Wilson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Secur. J. A Glob. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ajzen, I., and Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1086\/209170","article-title":"The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Meta-Analysis of Past Research with Recommendations for Modifications and Future Research","volume":"15","author":"Sheppard","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Consum. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"328","article-title":"Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology: A Synthesis and the Road Ahead","volume":"17","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jab. Agama Islam Selangor"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.1991.20","article-title":"Risk Analysis: An Interpretive Feasibility Tool in Justifying Information Systems Security","volume":"1","author":"Baskerville","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2008.12.007","article-title":"Information Security Management Standards: Problems and Solutions","volume":"46","author":"Siponen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-10951-7","article-title":"Educational Technology Adoption: A Systematic Review","volume":"27","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2009.07.002","article-title":"The Technology Acceptance Model: Its Past and Its Future in Health Care","volume":"43","author":"Holden","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1111\/joop.12502","article-title":"Attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence at Work: Scale Development and Validation","volume":"97","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"946","article-title":"Importance-Performance Map Analysis to Enhance the Performance of Attitude towards Mobile Wallet Adoption among Indian Consumer Segments","volume":"73","author":"Chawla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Rogers, E. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations, The Free Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"73","article-title":"The Mediating Role of Adoption of an Electronic Tax System in the Relationship between Attitude towards Electronic Tax System and Tax Compliance","volume":"25","author":"Night","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Econ. Financ. Adm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.11.4.342.11872","article-title":"Determinants of Perceived Ease of Use: Integrating Control, Intrinsic Motivation, and Emotion into the Technology Acceptance Model","volume":"11","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1080\/02642060802627178","article-title":"An Acceptance Model for an Internet Protocol Television Service in Korea with Prior Experience as a Moderator","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Serv. Ind. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/19388160.2020.1801546","article-title":"How Tourists Perceive the Usefulness of Technology Adoption in Hotels: Interaction Effect of Past Experience and Education Level","volume":"18","author":"Tavitiyaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. China Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00945.x","article-title":"Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation to Use Computers in the Workplace","volume":"22","author":"Davis","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1108\/APJML-09-2021-0709","article-title":"Factors Influencing Consumer Use of a Sport-Branded App: The Technology Acceptance Model Integrating App Quality and Perceived Enjoyment","volume":"35","author":"Won","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Mark. Logist."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.07.033","article-title":"Falling in Love with Online Games: The Uses and Gratifications Perspective","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2307\/30036519","article-title":"Trust and TAM in Online Shopping: An Integrated Model","volume":"27","author":"Gefen","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2006.12.008","article-title":"Customer Self-Service Systems: The Effects of Perceived Web Quality with Service Contents on Enjoyment, Anxiety, and e-Trust","volume":"43","author":"Hwang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.21457","article-title":"Alexa, She\u2019s Not Human But\u2026 Unveiling the Drivers of Consumers\u2019 Trust in Voice-based Artificial Intelligence","volume":"38","author":"Pitardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Mark."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.10.069","article-title":"Does Remote Work Flexibility Enhance Organization Performance? Moderating Role of Organization Policy and Top Management Support","volume":"139","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"\u0160kudien\u0117, V., Li-Ying, J., and Bernhard, F. (2020). Implementing Process Innovation by Integrating Continuous Improvement and Business Process Re-Engineering. Innovation Management, Edward Elgar Publishing."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"345","article-title":"Security Awareness: The First Step in Information Security Compliance Behavior","volume":"61","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"82","article-title":"Cyber Security Awareness, Knowledge and Behavior: A Comparative Study","volume":"62","author":"Zwilling","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458219832048","article-title":"Information Security Climate and the Assessment of Information Security Risk among Healthcare Employees","volume":"26","author":"Kessler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Inform. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4048(03)00705-3","article-title":"Applying Information Security Governance","volume":"22","author":"Moulton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2018\/13853","article-title":"Toward a Unified Model of Information Security Policy Compliance","volume":"42","author":"Moody","year":"2018","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2021.102387","article-title":"Developing a Cyber Security Culture: Current Practices and Future Needs","volume":"109","author":"Uchendu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-08-2019-0217","article-title":"The Influence of Organisational Culture and Information Security Culture on Employee Compliance Behaviour","volume":"34","author":"Solomon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Enterp. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, J.N.D., and Sharma, S.K. (2003). Globalization and Information Management Strategy. Encyclopedia of Information Systems, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-227240-4\/00081-2"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18479790221093992","DOI":"10.1177\/18479790221093992","article-title":"Adoption of Cloud Computing as Innovation in the Organization","volume":"14","author":"Golightly","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1177\/01655515231160026","article-title":"Digital Information Security Management Policy in Academic Libraries: A Systematic Review (2010\u20132022)","volume":"51","author":"Farid","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"235","article-title":"Cybersecurity Needs for SMEs","volume":"25","author":"Tetteh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Issues Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2022.2088414","article-title":"Adopting and Integrating Cyber-Threat Intelligence in a Commercial Organisation","volume":"32","author":"Kotsias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lidster, W.W., and Rahman, S.S.M. (2020, January 10\u201313). Identifying Influences to Information Security Framework Adoption: Applying a Modified UTAUT. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData50022.2020.9378283"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"752","article-title":"Security Education, Training, and Awareness Programs: Literature Review","volume":"62","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/23742917.2023.2244210","article-title":"Self-Paced Cybersecurity Awareness Training Educating Retail Employees to Identify Phishing Attacks","volume":"8","author":"Mungo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cyber Secur. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peery, J.G., and Pasalar, C. (2018). Designing the Learning Experiences in Serious Games: The Overt and the Subtle\u2014The Virtual Clinic Learning Environment. Informatics, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics5030030"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldawood, H., and Skinner, G. (2019). Reviewing Cyber Security Social Engineering Training and Awareness Programs\u2014Pitfalls and Ongoing Issues. Future Internet, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11030073"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almaiah, M., Hajjej, F., Lutfi, A., Al-Khasawneh, A., Shehab, R., Al-Otaibi, S., and Alrawad, M. (2022). Explaining the Factors Affecting Students\u2019 Attitudes to Using Online Learning (Madrasati Platform) during COVID-19. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11070973"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities6030072","article-title":"Exploring the Challenges and Issues in Adopting Cybersecurity in Saudi Smart Cities: Conceptualization of the Cybersecurity-Based UTAUT Model","volume":"6","author":"Alhalafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Smart Cities"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036","DOI":"10.53022\/oarjms.2024.8.1.0043","article-title":"Ensuring Compliance with Regulatory and Legal Requirements through Robust Data Governance Structures","volume":"8","author":"Chukwurah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Access Res. J. Multidiscip. Stud."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162687","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3132574","article-title":"Exploring the Influence of Direct and Indirect Factors on Information Security Policy Compliance: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"9","author":"Alassaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-023-00646-y","article-title":"Information Security Objectives and the Output Legitimacy of ISO\/IEC 27001: Stakeholders\u2019 Perspective on Expectations in Private Organizations in Sweden","volume":"21","author":"Kamil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. e-Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, S., Chadhar, M., Vatanasakdakul, S., and Chetty, M. (2021). Factors Affecting the Organizational Adoption of Blockchain Yechnology: Extending the Technology\u2013Organization\u2013Environment (TOE) Framework in the Australian Context. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13169404"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrecht, S., Reichert, S., Schmid, J., Str\u00fcker, J., Neumann, D., and Fridgen, G. (2018, January 2). Dynamics of Blockchain Implementation-a Case Study from the Energy Sector. Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Waikoloa Village, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2018.446"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52014-4_4","article-title":"Perceived Factors Influencing Blockchain Adoption in the Asset and Wealth Management Industry in the Western Cape, South Africa","volume":"1236","author":"Junio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evolving Perspectives on ICTs in Global Souths"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyagi, A.K., Tiwari, S., Arumugam, S.K., and Sharma, A.K. (2024). Blockchain-Empowered Internet of Things (IoTs) Platforms for Automation in Various Sectors. Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Digital Twin for Smart Manufacturing, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394303601.ch9"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, A., Alzoubi, Y.I., Gill, A.Q., and Anwar, M.J. (2022). Cybersecurity Enterprises Policies: A Comparative Study. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22020538"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.37745\/ejaafr.2013\/vol11n91842","article-title":"Cloud Accounting and the Quality of Financial Reports of Selected Banks in Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Akai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Account. Audit. Financ. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173765","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2173765","article-title":"Moderating Effects of Gender and Resistance to Change on the Adoption of Big Data Analytics in Healthcare","volume":"2020","author":"Shahbaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.18646\/2056.51.18-003","article-title":"The Impact of Gender Differences on Adoption of Information Technology and Related Responses: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Shaouf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.040","article-title":"Gender Difference and Employees\u2019 Cybersecurity Behaviors","volume":"69","author":"Anwar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10806-7","article-title":"Cybersecurity Awareness Enhancement: A Study of the Effects of Age and Gender of Thai Employees Associated with Phishing Attacks","volume":"27","author":"Daengsi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charness, N., Yoon, J.S., Souders, D., Stothart, C., and Yehnert, C. (2018). Predictors of Attitudes toward Autonomous Vehicles: The Roles of Age, Gender, Prior Knowledge, and Personality. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02589"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maswadi, K., Ghani, N.A., and Hamid, S. (2022). Factors Influencing the Elderly\u2019s Behavioural Intention to Use Smart Home Technologies in Saudi Arabia. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272525"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.05.014","article-title":"Attitudes towards Privately-Owned and Shared Autonomous Vehicles","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.04.020","article-title":"A Discrete Choice Experiment on Consumer\u2019s Willingness-to-Pay for Vehicle Automation in the Greater Toronto Area","volume":"149","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1108\/FS-11-2019-0094","article-title":"The Moderating Role of Gender and Age in the Adoption of Mobile Wallet","volume":"22","author":"Chawla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foresight"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"360","article-title":"Factors Influencing Information Security Management in Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Case Study from Turkey","volume":"31","author":"Yildirim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, R.F., Dominic, P.D.D., Ali, S.E.A., Rehman, M., and Sohail, A. (2021). Information Security Behavior and Information Security Policy Compliance: A Systematic Literature Review for Identifying the Transformation Process from Noncompliance to Compliance. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11083383"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trenerry, B., Chng, S., Wang, Y., Suhaila, Z.S., Lim, S.S., Lu, H.Y., and Oh, P.H. (2021). Preparing Workplaces for Digital Transformation: An Integrative Review and Framework of Multi-Level Factors. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.620766"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s40979-024-00157-4","article-title":"Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceived Ethics Regarding the Use of ChatGPT among Generation Z University Students","volume":"20","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Integr."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"598","article-title":"Investigation on Information Security Awareness Based on KAB Model: The Moderating Role of Age and Education Level","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Cont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28776","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80305-5","article-title":"How Sociodemographic Factors Relate to Trust in Artificial Intelligence among Students in Poland and the United Kingdom","volume":"14","author":"Kozak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Saudi Medium Enterprises General Authority (2023). SME Monitor: Monsha\u2019at Quarterly Report Q4 2023, Saudi Medium Enterprises General Authority."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldiab, A., Chowdhury, H., Kootsookos, A., Alam, F., Alluhaybi, A., and Aloufi, H. (2022). Telecommunication Infrastructure in Saudi Arabia: Is It Ready for eLearning?, AIP Publishing LLC.","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0117088"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W., and Creswell, J.D. (2022). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, SAGE Publications, Inc.. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.17","article-title":"Sample Size Determination and Power Analysis Using the G*Power Software","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Educ. Eval. Health Prof."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"(2024). Human Dignity Trust Saudi Arabia, Human Dignity Trust."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hochstetter-Diez, J., Dieguez-Rebolledo, M., Fenner-L\u00f3pez, J., and Cachero, C. (2023). AIM triad: A prioritization strategy for public institutions to improve information security maturity. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13148339"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zsungur, F. (2022). Cyberattack and Cyberwarfare Strategies for Businesses. Conflict Management in Digital Business, Emerald Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1108\/9781802627732"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/10919392.2017.1332145","article-title":"Mobile banking: Exploring determinants of its adoption","volume":"27","author":"Changchit","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Organ. Comput. Electron. Commer."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12173","article-title":"Cognitive-affective Drivers of Employees\u2019 Daily Compliance with Information Security Policies: A Multilevel, Longitudinal Study","volume":"29","author":"Lowry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"127","article-title":"Modelling the ethical priorities influencing decision-making in cybersecurity contexts","volume":"3","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Organ. Cybersecur. J. Pract. Process People"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsson, J., and Larsson, L. (2020). Integration, Application and Importance of Collaboration in Sustainable Project Management. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12020585"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222310210","article-title":"Understanding employee responses to stressful information security requirements: A coping perspective","volume":"31","author":"Herath","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"459","article-title":"Reset or temporary break? Attitudinal change, risk perception and future travel intention in tourists experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Tour. Futures"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-12-2020-1042","article-title":"Studies on the Success Criteria and Critical Success Factors for Mega Infrastructure Construction Projects: A Literature Review","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eij.2022.03.001","article-title":"Cybersecurity decision support model to designing information technology security system based on risk analysis and cybersecurity framework","volume":"23","author":"Razikin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt. Inform. J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26797","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2899368","article-title":"Integrating Technology Acceptance Model with Innovation Diffusion Theory: An Empirical Investigation on Students\u2019 Intention to Use e-Learning Systems","volume":"7","author":"Yahaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-11816-3","article-title":"\u201cExtending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to Predict University Students\u2019 Intentions to Use Metaverse Based Learning Platforms\u201d","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2021.101787","article-title":"Integrating TTF and UTAUT2 Theories to Investigate the Adoption of Augmented Reality Technology in Education: Perspective from a Developing Country","volume":"67","author":"Faqih","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2018.12.006","article-title":"The Adoption of Virtual Reality Devices: The Technology Acceptance Model Integrating Enjoyment, Social Interaction, and Strength of the Social Ties","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quezada, R., Rivera, L., Delgadillo, R., and Cajo, B.H. (2021). Technological Aspects for Pleasant Learning: A Review of the Literature. Informatics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics8020025"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"100373","article-title":"Exploring the Factors Influencing the Adoption and Usage of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Applications in Tourism Education within the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Leis. Sport Tour. Educ."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1108\/JBIM-03-2017-0068","article-title":"Openness of Technology Adoption, Top Management Support and Service Innovation: A Social Innovation Perspective","volume":"34","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ind. Mark."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-10-2020-0800","article-title":"Top Management Support and Knowledge Sharing: The Strategic Role of Affiliation and Trust in Academic Environment","volume":"25","author":"Lo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-06-2022-0254","article-title":"Information Technology Investment and Digital Transformation: The Roles of Digital Transformation Strategy and Top Management","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bus. Process Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1108\/01409170610712335","article-title":"Managing Information Technology Infrastructure: A New Flexibility Framework","volume":"29","author":"Chanopas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Manag. Res. News"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David, A., Yigitcanlar, T., Li, R.Y.M., Corchado, J.M., Cheong, P.H., Mossberger, K., and Mehmood, R. (2023). Understanding Local Government Digital Technology Adoption Strategies: A PRISMA Review. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15129645"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"19","article-title":"Motivating Information Security Policy Compliance: Insights from Perceived Organizational Formalization","volume":"62","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52549-8","article-title":"A Multinational Study on the Factors Influencing University Students\u2019 Attitudes and Usage of ChatGPT","volume":"14","author":"Abdaljaleel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2021.1884666","article-title":"Monitoring the Impacts of Tourism-Based Social Media, Risk Perception and Fear on Tourist\u2019s Attitude and Revisiting Behaviour in the Wake of COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"24","author":"Rather","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"428","article-title":"Exploring Mobile Banking Adoption and Service Quality Features through User-Generated Content: The Application of a Topic Modeling Approach to Google Play Store Reviews","volume":"41","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"957","article-title":"Examining an Extended Technology Acceptance Model with Experience Construct on Hotel Consumers\u2019 Adoption of Mobile Applications","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byrne, B.M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Routledge. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315757421"},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis, Prentice Hall. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS, Routledge. [7th ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003117445"},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Chau, Y.P. (2009). Advanced Research Statistics: Regression Test, Factor Analysis and SEM Analysis, McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics, Allyn and Bacon."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.12691\/ajams-8-2-1","article-title":"Detecting Multicollinearity in Regression Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Shrestha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Appl. Math. Stat."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Kline, R. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, The Guilford Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homburg, C., Klarmann, M., and Vomberg, A. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Handbook of Market Research, SAGE Publications.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57413-4"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Harman, H.H. (1976). Modern Factor Analysis, The University of Chicago Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"327","article-title":"In Their Own Words: Employee Attitudes towards Information Security","volume":"26","author":"Ashenden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Cont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almaiah, M., Alfaisal, R., Salloum, S., Al-Otaibi, S., Shishakly, R., Lutfi, A., Alrawad, M., Mulhem, A., Awad, A., and Al-Maroof, R. (2022). Integrating Teachers\u2019 TPACK Levels and Students\u2019 Learning Motivation, Technology Innovativeness, and Optimism in an IoT Acceptance Model. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11193197"},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"452","article-title":"A Cyber-Security Culture Framework for Assessing Organization Readiness","volume":"62","author":"Georgiadou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/1833358317700255","article-title":"Indirect Effect of Management Support on Users\u2019 Compliance Behaviour towards Information Security Policies","volume":"47","author":"Humaidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"HIM J."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"201","article-title":"Information Security Policies\u2019 Compliance: A Perspective for Higher Education Institutions","volume":"60","author":"Hina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-022-00558-3","article-title":"Developing a Digital Transformation Process in the Manufacturing Sector: Egyptian Case Study","volume":"20","author":"Abdallah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. e-Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/s10922-017-9440-1","article-title":"Human Factors in Network Reliability Engineering","volume":"26","author":"Mushi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Netw. Syst. Manag."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"29","article-title":"Vulnerability and Protection of Business Management Systems: Threats and Challenges","volume":"72","author":"Stankov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probl. Eng. Cybern. Robot."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"217","article-title":"The Role of Technology, Government, Law, And Social Trust on e-Commerce Adoption","volume":"25","author":"Merhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glob. Inf. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.I., Tanwar, S., and Rana, A. (2020, January 4). The Need for Information Security Management for SMEs. Proceedings of the 2020 9th International Conference System Modeling and Advancement in Research Trends (SMART), Moradabad, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMART50582.2020.9337108"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"61","article-title":"Does Security Concern, Perceived Enjoyment and Government Support Affect Fintech Adoption? Focused on Bank Users","volume":"3","author":"Osman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mark. Adv. Pract."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2021.1962601","article-title":"Protecting Against Threats to Information Security: An Attitudinal Ambivalence Perspective","volume":"38","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Roger, R.W. (1983). Cognitive and Physiological Processes in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change: A Revised Theory of Protection Motivation. Social Psychophysiology, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1975.9915803","article-title":"A Protection Motivation Theory of Fear Appeals and Attitude Change","volume":"91","author":"Rogers","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-021-10775-x","article-title":"Gender Differences in Information and Communication Technology Use & Skills: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Qazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9642998","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9642998","article-title":"Integration of TAM Model of Consumers\u2019 Intention to Adopt Cryptocurrency Platform in Thailand: The Mediating Role of Attitude and Perceived Risk","volume":"2022","author":"Namahoot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOEM-06-2020-0724","article-title":"Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Banking Services: An Empirical Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Mark."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-022-01319-z","article-title":"Perspectives of Radiographers on the Emergence of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostic Imaging in Saudi Arabia","volume":"13","author":"Aldhafeeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2014.12.004","article-title":"Determinants of Multi-Service Smartcard Success for Smart Cities Development: A Study Based on Citizens\u2019 Privacy and Security Perceptions","volume":"32","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1108\/JOCM-12-2024-0767","article-title":"Age Differences in the Adoption of Technology at Work: A Review and Recommendations for Managerial Practice","volume":"38","author":"Fazi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Organ. Change Manag."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13011","article-title":"Factors That Affect Health Information Technology Adoption by Seniors: A Systematic Review","volume":"28","author":"Kavandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care Community"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-021-00683-y","article-title":"Leveraging Human Factors in Cybersecurity: An Integrated Methodological Approach","volume":"24","author":"Pollini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogn. Technol. Work."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10207-022-00637-z","article-title":"How Education Level Influences Internet Security Knowledge, Behaviour, and Attitude: A Comparison among Undergraduates, Postgraduates and Working Graduates","volume":"22","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"300","article-title":"The Role of the Chief Information Security Officer in the Management of IT Security","volume":"25","author":"Karanja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Cont. Soc."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7837","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2021.3087724","article-title":"The Role of Employees in Digital Transformation: A Preliminary Study on How Employees\u2019 Digital Literacy Impacts Use of Digital Technologies","volume":"71","author":"Cetindamar","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."}],"container-title":["Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-800X\/5\/4\/113\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T05:19:56Z","timestamp":1766207996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-800X\/5\/4\/113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcp5040113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcp5040113","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-800X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2624-800X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]}}}