{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:02:13Z","timestamp":1773223333053,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Discovery Grants Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2023-04513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2023-04513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCP"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Continuous-variable quantum communication (CVQC) relies on finite-window estimation of phase space moments, making receiver decisions sensitive to finite measurement resolution, calibration uncertainty, and confidence-calibrated tolerances. This paper develops a receiver-centric threat modeling framework for structured (including adversarial) physical-layer disturbances under finite-sample inference. We introduce an operational taxonomy, reconnaissance, exploratory, and denial-of-service, defined by statistical visibility relative to acceptance regions rather than by assumed physical mechanisms. Using an effective estimator space Gaussian model r^\u2032=Gr^+\u03be with additive covariance N, we show how distinct mechanisms can be observationally equivalent within finite tolerances and we propose a protocol-agnostic scalar severity coordinate \u0394E based on the covariance trace. We derive \u03c72-based missed-detection expressions and a soft detectability boundary scaling as 1\/n, and we corroborate the predicted Pmiss(\u03bd) behavior via Monte Carlo simulations across representative block sizes. The resulting framework clarifies the delimitation from conventional CV-QKD excess noise parameterization and provides a structured basis for monitoring-layer design and comparative threat-taxonomy mapping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp6020049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:06:52Z","timestamp":1773054412000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Operational Threat Modeling of Adversarial Disturbances in Continuous-Variable Quantum Communication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1902-1293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 R.","family":"Rosas-Bustos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"},{"name":"LAKES Environmental Research Inc., Waterloo, ON N2L 3L3, Canada"},{"name":"Applied Quantum Technologies (AQT) Initiative, Columbia, MD 21046, USA"},{"name":"EigenQ, Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Van Griensven Th\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"},{"name":"LAKES Environmental Research Inc., Waterloo, ON N2L 3L3, Canada"},{"name":"Applied Quantum Technologies (AQT) Initiative, Columbia, MD 21046, USA"},{"name":"EigenQ, Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roydon Andrew","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"},{"name":"Applied Quantum Technologies (AQT) Initiative, Columbia, MD 21046, USA"},{"name":"EigenQ, Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3775-947X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadeem","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"},{"name":"LAKES Environmental Research Inc., Waterloo, ON N2L 3L3, Canada"},{"name":"Applied Quantum Technologies (AQT) Initiative, Columbia, MD 21046, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5483-4739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Ratto Valderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Quantum Technologies (AQT) Initiative, Columbia, MD 21046, USA"},{"name":"EigenQ, Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Pecen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Quantum Technologies (AQT) Initiative, Columbia, MD 21046, USA"},{"name":"EigenQ, Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Truskovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EigenQ, Inc., Austin, TX 78701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Thanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cisco Systems, Inc., San Jose, CA 95134, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosas-Bustos, J.R., Th\u00e9, J.V.G., Fraser, R.A., Valderrama, S.R., Said, N., and Thanos, A. 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