{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:44:30Z","timestamp":1760143470393,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["MOST 111-2221-E-239-027-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2221-E-239-027-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neural style transfer is an algorithm that transfers the style of one image to another image and converts the style of the second image while preserving its content. In this paper, we propose a style transfer approach for sand painting generation based on convolutional neural networks. The proposed approach aims to improve sand painting generation via neural style transfer, which can address the problem of blurred objects. Furthermore, it can reduce background noise caused by neural style transfers. First, we segment the main objects from the content image. Subsequently, we perform close\u2013open filtering operations on the content image to obtain smooth images. Subsequently, we perform Sobel edge detection to process the images and obtain edge maps. Based on these edge maps and the input style image, we perform neural style transfer to generate sand painting images. Finally, we integrate the generated images to obtain the final stylized sand painting image. The results show that the proposed approach yields good visual effects from sand paintings. Moreover, the proposed approach achieves better visual effects for sand painting than the previous method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging10020044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T08:28:16Z","timestamp":1707294496000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sand Painting Generation Based on Convolutional Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chin-Chen","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping-Hao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, July 17). Sandpainting. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sandpainting."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2921336","article-title":"Neural style transfer: A review","volume":"26","author":"Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Sun, D., Zhu, D., Duan, Y., and Lu, Y. (2019, January 24\u201325). Computer generated algorithm of sand painting based on convolutional neural network. Proceedings of the 2019 11th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IHMSC.2019.10116"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., and Deng, W. (2015, January 3\u20136). Very deep convolutional neural network based image classification using small training sample size. Proceedings of the 3rd IAPR Asian Conference on Pattern Recognition (ACPR), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACPR.2015.7486599"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T., Chen, X., and Zhang, L. (2017, January 29\u201331). Cloud model-based algorithm for uncertain strokes of interactive sand painting. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Natural Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (ICNC-FSKD), Guilin, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FSKD.2017.8392977"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P., and Wong, S. (2013, January 16\u201318). Real-time auto stylized sand art drawing. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Computer-Aided Design and Computer Graphics, Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CADGraphics.2013.86"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Song, G., and Yoon, K. (February, January 30). Sand image replicating sand animation process. Proceedings of the 19th Korea-Japan Joint Workshop on Frontiers of Computer Vision, Incheon, Republic of Korea."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Ding, S., He, X., Hu, C., Wang, T., Meng, W., and Yang, G. (2016, January 24\u201326). Algorithm of sand painting simulation based on Kinect. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization (ICVRV), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVRV.2016.77"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Hu, M., Lei, L., Xu, J., Su, Q., Huang, X., and Chi, X. (2020, January 13\u201314). Colored sand painting simulation based on detail preservation. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization (ICVRV), Recife, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVRV51359.2020.00037"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, M., Yang, M., Xu, J., Lei, L., Su, Q., and Huang, X. (2020, January 13\u201314). Multi-touch simulation system for sand painting. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Virtual Reality and Visualization (ICVRV), Recife, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVRV51359.2020.00057"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1049\/cje.2019.02.003","article-title":"Self-adaptive algorithm for simulating sand painting in real-time","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Peng, P.H., and Chang, C.C. (2023, January 21\u201325). Sand painting generation using style transfer approach. Proceedings of the 9th IEEE International Conference on Applied System Innovation 2023 (IEEE ICASI 2023), Chiba, Japan."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, Z., Shi, T., Qiu, S., Yuan, Y., and Shi, Z. (2021, January 20\u201325). Stylized neural painting. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Nashville, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01543"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2023.07.012","article-title":"Sand painting conversion based on detail preservation","volume":"115","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatys, L.A., Ecker, A.S., and Bethge, M. (2016, January 27\u201330). Image style transfer using convolutional neural networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2016), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.265"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatys, L.A., Ecker, A.S., Bethge, M., Hertzmann, A., and Shechtman, E. (2017, January 21\u201326). Controlling perceptual factors in neural style transfer. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2017), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.397"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015720","article-title":"GrabCut: Interactive foreground extraction using iterated graph cuts","volume":"23","author":"Rother","year":"2004","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soille, P. (2003). Morphological Image Analysis: Principles and Applications, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05088-0"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Lo, C.H. (2020). The Synthesis of Chinese Landscape Ink Painting Based on Deep Learning. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Institute of Multimedia Engineering, National Chiao Tung University]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1109\/4.996","article-title":"Design of an image edge detection filter using the Sobel operator","volume":"23","author":"Kanopoulos","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851","article-title":"A computational approach to edge detection","volume":"8","author":"Canny","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2012.03.004","article-title":"XDoG: An eXtended difference-of-Gaussians compendium including advanced image stylization","volume":"36","author":"Kyprianidis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, S., and Tu, Z. (2015, January 7\u201313). Holistically-nested edge detection. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Santiago, Chile.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.164"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01589116","article-title":"On the limited memory BFGS method for large scale optimization","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Math. Program."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Miyazaki, H. (2021, August 09). Ponyo, Digital Image, Studio Ghibli. Available online: https:\/\/www.ghibli.jp\/works\/ponyo\/."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Chuang, M.T. (2021, August 09). I Love My Home, Video, YouTube. Available online: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ofMaWGGSDhM."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Mura, F. (2021, August 09). Love, Video, YouTube. Available online: https:\/\/youtu.be\/zphbnum0_BY."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Simonova, K. (2021, August 09). Don\u2019t Be Late, Video, YouTube. Available online: https:\/\/youtu.be\/P__gilcQEDA."}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/10\/2\/44\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:56:34Z","timestamp":1760104594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/10\/2\/44"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging10020044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging10020044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-433X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]}}}