{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T19:54:26Z","timestamp":1783626866996,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["814158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["814158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of materials with changing visual properties with lighting and observation directions has found broad utility across diverse industries, from architecture and fashion to automotive and film production. The expanding array of applications and appearance reproduction requirements emphasizes the critical role of material appearance measurement and surface characterization. Such measurements offer twofold benefits in soft proofing and product quality control, reducing errors and material waste while providing objective quality assessment. Some image-based setups have been proposed to capture the appearance of material surfaces with spatial variations in visual properties in terms of Spatially Varying Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functions (SVBRDF) and Bidirectional Texture Functions (BTF). However, comprehensive exploration of optical design concerning spectral channels and per-pixel incident-reflection direction calculations, along with measurement validation, remains an unexplored domain within these systems. Therefore, we developed a novel advanced multispectral image-based device designed to measure SVBRDF and BTF, addressing these gaps in the existing literature. Central to this device is a novel rotation table as sample holder and passive multispectral imaging. In this paper, we present our compact multispectral image-based appearance measurement device, detailing its design, assembly, and optical considerations. Preliminary measurements showcase the device\u2019s potential in capturing angular and spectral data, promising valuable insights into material appearance properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging10030055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T06:07:39Z","timestamp":1708668459000},"page":"55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optical and Electromechanical Design and Implementation of an Advanced Multispectral Device to Capture Material Appearance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7894-4309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Ansari-Asl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbieri Electronic snc, 39042 Bressanone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2577-6361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ga\u00ebl","family":"Obein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National de M\u00e9trologie et d\u2019Essais, Conservatoire National des Arts et M\u00e9tiers, 93210 La Plaine St Denis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1150-2498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon Yngve","family":"Hardeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2815 Gj\u00f8vik, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.57.000445","article-title":"Terms, definitions, and symbols in reflectometry","volume":"57","author":"Judd","year":"1967","journal-title":"JOSA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicodemus, F.E., Richmond, J.C., Hsia, J.J., Ginsberg, I.W., and Limperis, T. (1977). Geometric Considerations and Nomenclature for Reflectance, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Monograph 161, National Bureau of Standards (US).","DOI":"10.6028\/NBS.MONO.160"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/300776.300778","article-title":"Reflectance and Texture of Real World Surfaces","volume":"18","author":"Dana","year":"1999","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haindl, M., and Filip, J. (2013). Visual Texture: Accurate Material Appearance Measurement, Representation and Modeling, Springer Science & Business Media. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-4902-6_2"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7753","DOI":"10.3390\/s140507753","article-title":"Design and Implementation of Practical Bidirectional Texture Function Measurement Devices Focusing on the Developments at the University of Bonn","volume":"14","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Rainer, G., Rathbone, K., and Weyrich, T. (2019, January 17). High-Resolution BTF Capture for Delicate Materials. Proceedings of the Conference on Visual Media Production (CVMP) Posters, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Azari, B., Bertel, S., and W\u00fcthrich, C.A. (June, January 28). Low cost rapid acquisition on bidirectional texture functions for fabrics. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision, Plzen, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havran, V., Ho\u0161ek, J., N\u011bmcov\u00e1, \u0160., \u010c\u00e1p, J., and Bittner, J. (2017). Lightdrum\u2014Portable Light Stage for Accurate BTF Measurement on Site. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030423"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.001183","article-title":"Optomechanical design of a portable compact bidirectional texture function measurement instrument","volume":"56","author":"Havran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2024, January 28). Pab Gonio-Photometer PG2. Available online: http:\/\/www.pab.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2024, January 28). Chaos Scans Service. Available online: https:\/\/www.chaos.com\/scans#service."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2024, January 28). SIGHTTEX Q, Creating Digital Reality. Available online: https:\/\/www.sighttex.com\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2023, September 13). X-RITE: Tac7. Available online: http:\/\/www.xrite.com\/categories\/Appearance\/tac7."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3692755","article-title":"ARGon3: \u201c3D appearance robot-based gonioreflectometer\u201d at PTB","volume":"83","author":"Atamas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10400","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.010400","article-title":"Spectral bidirectional texture function reconstruction by fusing multiple-color and spectral images","volume":"55","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari-Asl, M., Barbieri, M., Obein, G., and Hardeberg, J.Y. (2023, January 29). Advancing Material Appearance Measurement: A Cost-effective Multispectral Imaging System for Capturing SVBRDF and BTF. Proceedings of the London Imaging Meeting, London, UK.","DOI":"10.2352\/lim.2023.4.1.25"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obein, G., Bousquet, R., and Nadal, M.E. (2005, January 24). New NIST reference goniospectrometer. Proceedings of the SPIE 5880, Optical Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.621516"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1149950","article-title":"Goniometric optical scatter instrument for out-of-plane ellipsometry measurements","volume":"70","author":"Germer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patrick, H.J., Zarobila, C.J., Germer, T.A., Ying, V.A., Cooksey, C.A., and Tsai, B.K. (2012, January 15). Tunable supercontinuum fiber laser source for BRDF measurements in the STARR II gonioreflectometer. Proceedings of the SPIE 8495, Conference on Reflection, Scattering, and Diffraction from Surfaces III, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.930742"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Le Breton, R., Ged, G., and Obein, G. (2015, January 28). Out of plane BRDF measurement at LNE-Cnam using \u201cConDOR\u201d our primary goniospectrophotometer. Proceedings of the 28th CIE Session-CIE, Manchester, UK."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2023, August 25). Affordable Industrial Grade Motion Control. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/synthetos\/TinyG\/wiki."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2023, August 20). USB-Controlled LED Driver. Available online: https:\/\/www.thorlabs.com\/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup$_$id=14573."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, August 15). Silios Multispectral Cameras. Available online: https:\/\/www.silios.com\/cms-series."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2023, August 15). SpectroCam Multispectral Wheel Cameras. Available online: https:\/\/salvocoatings.com\/products\/spectrocam\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez Domingo, M.A. (2017). Multispectral High Dynamic Range Polarimetric Imaging Applied to Scene Segmentation and Object Classification. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Granada]. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10481\/47628."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2024, January 27). Zeiss ZF Lenses for Infrared. Available online: https:\/\/diglloyd.com\/articles\/Infrared\/ZeissZF-prototypes-infrared.html."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ansari-Asl, M., Thomas, J.B.D., and Hardeberg, J.Y. (2022, January 18). Camera response function assessment in multispectral HDR imaging. Proceedings of the IS&T International Symposium on Electronic Imaging, Online."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.474688","article-title":"Different view on diffraction-limited imaging optics design","volume":"40","author":"Havran","year":"2023","journal-title":"JOSA A"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2023, August 20). MCWHL6\u2014Mounted LED. Available online: https:\/\/www.thorlabs.com\/thorproduct.cfm?partnumber=MCWHL6&pn=MCWHL6."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2023, August 20). Adjustable Collimation Adapters. Available online: https:\/\/www.thorlabs.com\/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup$_$id=2692&pn=\\SM2F32-A#8795."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2023, December 28). Thorlabs\u2014Mounted LEDs. Available online: https:\/\/www.thorlabs.com\/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=2692."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(1995). Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour Rendering Properties of Light Sources, Publication 13.3-1995, 2nd ed (Standard No. CIE 13.3-95)."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2014). Method for the Assesment of the Colorimetric Properties of Luminaires\u2014The Television Lighting Consistency Index (TLCI-2012) (Standard No. EBU. TECH 3355)."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15545","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.015545","article-title":"Reflectance reconstruction for multispectral imaging by adaptive Wiener estimation","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2023, September 17). ColorGauge Micro Target. Available online: https:\/\/www.imagescienceassociates.com\/colorgauge-micro-target.html."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027004","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1839889","article-title":"Optical calibration of a multispectral imaging system based on interference filters","volume":"44","author":"Mansouri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Klein, J. (2016). Multispectral Imaging: Aberrations and Acquisitions from Different Viewing Positions. [Ph.D. Thesis, Rheinisch-Westfalischen Technischen Hochschule]. Available online: https:\/\/www.lfb.rwth-aachen.de\/bibtexupload\/pdf\/KLE16a.pdf."}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/10\/3\/55\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:03:49Z","timestamp":1760105029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/10\/3\/55"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging10030055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging10030055","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]}}}