{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:02:29Z","timestamp":1779249749109,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13\/RC\/2094 P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2094 P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18\/SP\/5942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/SP\/5942"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund through the Southern and Eastern Regional Operational Programme to Lero\u2014the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software","award":["13\/RC\/2094 P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2094 P2"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund through the Southern and Eastern Regional Operational Programme to Lero\u2014the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software","award":["18\/SP\/5942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/SP\/5942"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, significant advances have been made in the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and other technology for autonomous vehicles. Automated object detection is a crucial component of autonomous driving; however, there are still known issues that affect its performance. For automotive applications, object detection algorithms are required to perform at a high standard in all lighting conditions; however, a major problem for object detection is poor performance in low-light conditions due to objects being less visible. This study considers the impact of training data composition on object detection performance in low-light conditions. In particular, this study evaluates the effect of different combinations of images of outdoor scenes, from different times of day, on the performance of deep neural networks, and considers the different challenges encountered during the training of a neural network. Through experiments with a widely used public database, as well as a number of commonly used object detection architectures, we show that more robust performance can be obtained with an appropriate balance of classes and illumination levels in the training data. The results also highlight the potential of adding images obtained in dusk and dawn conditions for improving object detection performance in day and night.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging10070153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T03:53:43Z","timestamp":1719201223000},"page":"153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Study on Data Selection for Object Detection in Various Lighting Conditions for Autonomous Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5652-7640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashkan","family":"Parsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8555-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darragh","family":"Mullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Horgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valeo Vision Systems, Tuam, Co., H54 Y276 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enda","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valeo Vision Systems, Tuam, Co., H54 Y276 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8383-2635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciaran","family":"Eising","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7494-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Denny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Computer Science and Information Systems (CSIS), Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Castletroy, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3678-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Deegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1477-4835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Glavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/10\/7\/153\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:02:55Z","timestamp":1760108575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/10\/7\/153"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging10070153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging10070153","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]}}}