{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:18:23Z","timestamp":1779200303377,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Liaison Committee for Education, Research, and Innovation in Central Norway (Samarbeidsorganet)","award":["46055500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46055500"]}]},{"name":"Liaison Committee for Education, Research, and Innovation in Central Norway (Samarbeidsorganet)","award":["19\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Care Services of Norway","award":["46055500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46055500"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Care Services of Norway","award":["19\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014\u20132021","award":["46055500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["46055500"]}]},{"name":"Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014\u20132021","award":["19\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is used in the minimally invasive sampling of thoracic lymph nodes. In lung cancer staging, the accurate assessment of mediastinal structures is essential but challenged by variations in anatomy, image quality, and operator-dependent image interpretation. This study aimed to automatically detect and segment mediastinal lymph nodes and blood vessels employing a novel U-Net architecture-based approach in EBUS images. A total of 1161 EBUS images from 40 patients were annotated. For training and validation, 882 images from 30 patients and 145 images from 5 patients were utilized. A separate set of 134 images was reserved for testing. For lymph node and blood vessel segmentation, the mean \u00b1 standard deviation (SD) values of the Dice similarity coefficient were 0.71 \u00b1 0.35 and 0.76 \u00b1 0.38, those of the precision were 0.69 \u00b1 0.36 and 0.82 \u00b1 0.22, those of the sensitivity were 0.71 \u00b1 0.38 and 0.80 \u00b1 0.25, those of the specificity were 0.98 \u00b1 0.02 and 0.99 \u00b1 0.01, and those of the F1 score were 0.85 \u00b1 0.16 and 0.81 \u00b1 0.21, respectively. The average processing and segmentation run-time per image was 55 \u00b1 1 ms (mean \u00b1 SD). The new U-Net architecture-based approach (EBUS-AI) could automatically detect and segment mediastinal lymph nodes and blood vessels in EBUS images. The method performed well and was feasible and fast, enabling real-time automatic labeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging10080190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T15:24:16Z","timestamp":1722957856000},"page":"190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Automatic Segmentation of Mediastinal Lymph Nodes and Blood Vessels in Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS) Images Using Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5857-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Ervik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Medicine, Nord-Tr\u00f8ndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger Hospital, 7601 Levanger, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Tveten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, 7034 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erlend Fagertun","family":"Hofstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, 7034 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lang\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, 7034 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Research, St. Olavs Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kon Olav","family":"Leira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tore","family":"Amundsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-3491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne","family":"Sorger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Medicine, Nord-Tr\u00f8ndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger Hospital, 7601 Levanger, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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