{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T03:38:27Z","timestamp":1767065907024,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,4]],"date-time":"2015-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1449187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bedsides diagnosis using portable ultrasound scanning (PUS) offering comfortable diagnosis with various clinical advantages, in general, ultrasound scanners suffer from a poor signal-to-noise ratio, and physicians who operate the device at point-of-care may not be adequately trained to perform high level diagnosis. Such scenarios can be eradicated by incorporating ambient intelligence in PUS. In this paper, we propose an architecture for a PUS system, whose abilities include automated kidney detection in real time. Automated kidney detection is performed by training the Viola\u2013Jones algorithm with a good set of kidney data consisting of diversified shapes and sizes. It is observed that the kidney detection algorithm delivers very good performance in terms of detection accuracy. The proposed PUS with kidney detection algorithm is implemented on a single Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGA, integrated with a Raspberry Pi ARM processor running at 900 MHz.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging1010193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,14]],"date-time":"2015-12-14T10:21:33Z","timestamp":1450088493000},"page":"193-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["FPGA-Based Portable Ultrasound Scanning System with Automatic Kidney Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Bharath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Network Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502285, India"}]},{"given":"Punit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Network Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502285, India"}]},{"given":"Chandrashekar","family":"Dusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Network Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502285, India"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Akkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Network Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502285, India"}]},{"given":"Suresh","family":"Puli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Network Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502285, India"}]},{"given":"Harsha","family":"Ponduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Network Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502285, India"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Krishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Network Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502285, India"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Rajalakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Network Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502285, India"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Mateen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad 500082, India"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Network Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad 502285, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2005.07.010","article-title":"Usefulness of hand-held ultrasound devices in out-of-hospital diagnosis performed by emergency physicians","volume":"24","author":"Lapostolle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. 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