{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:00:16Z","timestamp":1778083216767,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["F53C22000430001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F53C22000430001"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["2022BAXSPY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BAXSPY"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["F53D23004270006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F53D23004270006"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["PE00000014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000014"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["F53C22000430001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F53C22000430001"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["2022BAXSPY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BAXSPY"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["F53D23004270006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F53D23004270006"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["PE00000014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000014"]}]},{"name":"MIUR","award":["F53C22000430001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F53C22000430001"]}]},{"name":"MIUR","award":["2022BAXSPY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BAXSPY"]}]},{"name":"MIUR","award":["F53D23004270006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F53D23004270006"]}]},{"name":"MIUR","award":["PE00000014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000014"]}]},{"name":"EU-NGEU (NextGenerationEU)","award":["F53C22000430001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F53C22000430001"]}]},{"name":"EU-NGEU (NextGenerationEU)","award":["2022BAXSPY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022BAXSPY"]}]},{"name":"EU-NGEU (NextGenerationEU)","award":["F53D23004270006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F53D23004270006"]}]},{"name":"EU-NGEU (NextGenerationEU)","award":["PE00000014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early detection of Trypanosoma parasites is critical for the prompt treatment of trypanosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease that poses severe health and socioeconomic challenges in affected regions. To address the limitations of traditional manual microscopy and prior automated methods, we propose YOLO-Tryppa, a novel YOLO-based framework specifically engineered for the rapid and accurate detection of small Trypanosoma parasites in microscopy images. YOLO-Tryppa incorporates ghost convolutions to reduce computational complexity while maintaining robust feature extraction and introduces a dedicated P2 prediction head to improve the localization of small objects. By eliminating the redundant P5 prediction head, the proposed approach achieves a significantly lower parameter count and reduced GFLOPs. Experimental results on the public Tryp dataset demonstrate that YOLO-Tryppa outperforms the previous state of the art by achieving an AP50 of 71.3%, thereby setting a new benchmark for both accuracy and efficiency. These improvements make YOLO-Tryppa particularly well-suited for deployment in resource-constrained settings, facilitating more rapid and reliable diagnostic practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging11040117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T06:50:27Z","timestamp":1744699827000},"page":"117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["YOLO-Tryppa: A Novel YOLO-Based Approach for Rapid and Accurate Detection of Small Trypanosoma Parasites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0701-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide Antonio","family":"Mura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8488-1612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Zedda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6571-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Loddo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4641-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Di Ruberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01649","article-title":"The developmental cell biology of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"118","author":"Matthews","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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