{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T08:59:08Z","timestamp":1767085148726,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Liaison Committee for Education, Research, and Innovation in Central Norway","award":["2021\/928","2022\/787","223250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/928","2022\/787","223250"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/928","2022\/787","223250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/928","2022\/787","223250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increased workload in pathology laboratories today means automated tools such as artificial intelligence models can be useful, helping pathologists with their tasks. In this paper, we propose a segmentation model (DRU-Net) that can provide a delineation of human non-small cell lung carcinomas and an augmentation method that can improve classification results. The proposed model is a fused combination of truncated pre-trained DenseNet201 and ResNet101V2 as a patch-wise classifier, followed by a lightweight U-Net as a refinement model. Two datasets (Norwegian Lung Cancer Biobank and Haukeland University Lung Cancer cohort) were used to develop the model. The DRU-Net model achieved an average of 0.91 Dice similarity coefficient. The proposed spatial augmentation method (multi-lens distortion) improved the Dice similarity coefficient from 0.88 to 0.91. Our findings show that selecting image patches that specifically include regions of interest leads to better results for the patch-wise classifier compared to other sampling methods. A qualitative analysis by pathology experts showed that the DRU-Net model was generally successful in tumor detection. Results in the test set showed some areas of false-positive and false-negative segmentation in the periphery, particularly in tumors with inflammatory and reactive changes. In summary, the presented DRU-Net model demonstrated the best performance on the segmentation task, and the proposed augmentation technique proved to improve the results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging11050166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T06:10:46Z","timestamp":1747721446000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Segmentation of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinomas: Introducing DRU-Net and Multi-Lens Distortion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1113-2634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soroush","family":"Oskouei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Clinic of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Tr\u00f8ndelag Health Trust, NO-7600 Levanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marit","family":"Valla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7030 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7030 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Application Solutions, Sopra Steria, NO-7010 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Smistad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vibeke Grotnes","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7030 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"H\u00f8ib\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7030 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sissel Gyrid Freim","family":"Wahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7030 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mats Dehli","family":"Haugum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7030 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lang\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Center for Innovation, Medical Devices and Technology, Research Department, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6142-6353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Paula","family":"Ramnefjell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2710-9543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars Andreas","family":"Akslen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovation, Medical Devices and Technology, Research Department, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-3491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne","family":"Sorger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Clinic of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Tr\u00f8ndelag Health Trust, NO-7600 Levanger, 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