{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:18:18Z","timestamp":1760059098584,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SES-2120972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SES-2120972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF), a quantitative MRI technique, enables the acquisition of multiple tissue properties in a single scan. In this paper, we study a proposed extension of MRF, MRF with exchange (MRF-X), which can enable acquisition of the six tissue properties T1a,T2a, T1b, T2b, \u03c1 and \u03c4 simultaneously. In MRF-X, \u2018a\u2019 and \u2018b\u2019 refer to distinct compartments modeled in each voxel, while \u03c1 is the fractional volume of component \u2018a\u2019, and \u03c4 is the exchange rate of protons between the two components. To assess the feasibility of recovering these properties, we first empirically characterize a similarity metric between MRF and MRF-X reconstructed tissue property values and known reference property values for candidate signals. Our characterization indicates that such a recovery is possible, although the similarity metric surface across the candidate tissue properties is less structured for MRF-X than for MRF. We then investigate the application of different optimization techniques to recover tissue properties from noisy MRF and MRF-X data. Previous work has widely utilized template dictionary-based approaches in the context of MRF; however, such approaches are infeasible with MRF-X. Our results show that Simplicial Homology Global Optimization (SHGO), a global optimization algorithm, and Limited-memory Bryoden\u2013Fletcher\u2013Goldfarb\u2013Shanno algorithm with Bounds (L-BFGS-B), a local optimization algorithm, performed comparably with direct matching in two-tissue property MRF at an SNR of 5. These optimization methods also successfully recovered five tissue properties from MRF-X data. However, with the current pulse sequence and reconstruction approach, recovering all six tissue properties remains challenging for all the methods investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging11050169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T09:33:47Z","timestamp":1747733627000},"page":"169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recovery and Characterization of Tissue Properties from Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting with Exchange"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9983-3554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naren","family":"Nallapareddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Data Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Olin 516, 2101 Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6673-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumya","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Data Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Olin 516, 2101 Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910110308","article-title":"Assessment of demyelination, edema, and gliosis by in vivo determination of T1 and T2 in the brain of patients with acute attack of multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Larsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Magn. 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