{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:16:08Z","timestamp":1784823368104,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62471264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62471264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62172132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62172132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrared (IR) images record the temperature radiation distribution of the object being captured. The hue and color difference in the image reflect the caloric and temperature difference, respectively. However, due to the thermal diffusion effect, the target information in IR images can be relatively large and the objects\u2019 boundaries are blurred. Therefore, IR images may undergo some image enhancement operations prior to use in relevant application scenarios. Furthermore, Infrared Enhancement (IRE) algorithms have a negative impact on the watermarking information embedded into the IR image in most cases. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-scale robust watermarking model under IRE attack, called IEWNet. This model trains a preprocessing module for extracting image features based on the conventional Undecimated Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (UDTCWT). Furthermore, we consider developing a noise layer with a focus on four deep learning and eight classical attacks, and all of these attacks are based on IRE algorithms. Moreover, we add a noise layer or an enhancement module between the encoder and decoder according to the application scenarios. The results of the imperceptibility experiments on six public datasets prove that the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is usually higher than 40 dB. The robustness of the algorithms is also better than the existing state-of-the-art image watermarking algorithms used in the performance evaluation comparison.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging11050171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T09:58:22Z","timestamp":1747821502000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["IEWNet: Multi-Scale Robust Watermarking Network Against Infrared Image Enhancement Attacks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"},{"name":"Shangyu Institute of Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Shaoxing 312365, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.3390\/s100504700","article-title":"An Overview of Recent Application of Medical Infrared Thermography in Sports Medicine in Austria","volume":"10","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2013.10.002","article-title":"Joint Viewidentity Manifold for Infrared Target Tracking and Recognition","volume":"118","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. 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