{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T11:06:34Z","timestamp":1779966394349,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hybrid quantum-classical learning pipelines combine conventional accelerators, quantum runtimes, and quantum processing units (QPUs), creating scheduling, memory, isolation, encoding, and deployment challenges that are not captured by application-level quantum machine learning surveys alone. This paper presents a systematic review of runtime and systems mechanisms for hybrid quantum-classical workloads, with medical imaging used as a translation lens rather than as an exclusive inclusion boundary. Following a PRISMA-aligned review process, we screened 364 records and synthesized 40 studies published between 2020 and 2025. Each study was coded by systems layer, application grounding, noisy-label relevance, and evaluation maturity. The coding shows that the corpus combines direct medical evidence with broader transferable systems evidence: 8 studies directly evaluated medical data, 12 were medically motivated, and 20 were generic systems studies. Across the corpus, the strongest support concerns hybrid orchestration, qubit\/resource allocation, classical\u2013quantum data movement, and container-based reproducibility, whereas evidence remains limited for realistic clinical operation, end-to-end remote-QPU workflows, multi-tenant isolation, and noisy-label retraining loops. We contribute an evidence map, a direct\/indirect\/interpretive evidence distinction, and cross-layer design guidelines for future hybrid quantum-classical imaging pipelines in regulated settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging12060232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T09:57:43Z","timestamp":1779962263000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systems-Level Support for Hybrid Quantum-Classical Learning: A Systematic Review with a Medical Imaging Translation Lens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5240-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maqsudur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA"},{"name":"Department of Inforamtion and Communication Technology, Comilla University, Cumilla 3500, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pintu Chandra","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inforamtion and Communication Technology, Comilla University, Cumilla 3500, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amena","family":"Begum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inforamtion and Communication Technology, Comilla University, Cumilla 3500, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashmi","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inforamtion and Communication Technology, Comilla University, Cumilla 3500, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0069-4797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nahida","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inforamtion and Communication Technology, Comilla University, Cumilla 3500, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar 1342, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengran","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aurorie PTE Ltd., 68 Circular Road, #02-01, Singapore 118261, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2092-905X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ze","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5073-097X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangjiaxuan","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software and Information Systems, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2020.101759","article-title":"Deep learning with noisy labels in medical image analysis","volume":"65","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. 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