{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:18:17Z","timestamp":1760242697856,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]],"date-time":"2016-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Suomi National Polar-orbiting (NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day-Night Band (DNB) measures visible and near-infrared light extending over seven orders of magnitude of dynamic range. This makes radiometric calibration difficult. We have observed that DNB imagery has striping, banding and other nonuniformities\u2014day or night. We identified the causes as stray light, nonlinearity, detector crosstalk, hysteresis and mirror-side variation. We found that these affect both Earth-view and calibration signals. These present an obstacle to interpretation by users of DNB products. Because of the nonlinearity we chose the histogram matching destriping technique which we found is successful for daytime, twilight and nighttime scenes. Because of the very large dynamic range of the DNB, we needed to add special processes to the histogram matching to destripe all scenes, especially imagery in the twilight regions where scene illumination changes rapidly over short distances. We show that destriping aids image analysts, and makes it possible for advanced automated cloud typing algorithms. Manual or automatic identification of other features, including polar ice and gravity waves in the upper atmosphere are also discussed. In consideration of the large volume of data produced 24 h a day by the VIIRS DNB, we present methods for reducing processing time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging2010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]],"date-time":"2016-03-14T11:03:45Z","timestamp":1457953425000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["VIIRS Day\/Night Band\u2014Correcting Striping and Nonuniformity over a Very Large Dynamic Range"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Mills","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renaissance Man Engineering, Glendale, CA 91202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12705","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020475","article-title":"Suomi NPP VIIRS day and night band on-orbit performance","volume":"118","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6717","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126717","article-title":"Illuminating the capabilities of the Suomi NPP VIIRS Day\/Night Band","volume":"5","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15706","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207034109","article-title":"Suomi satellite brings to light a unique frontier of nighttime environmental sensing capabilities","volume":"109","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"70","article-title":"Nighttime Lights Compositing Using the VIIRS Day-Night Band: Preliminary Results","volume":"35","author":"Baugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Asia Pac. Adv. Netw."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills, S., and Miller, S. (2014). VIIRS Day-Night Band (DNB) calibration methods for improved uniformity. Proc. SPIE, 9218.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2060143"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Miller, S.D., Turk, F.J., Lee, T.F., Hawkins, J.D., Velden, C.S., Schmidt, C.C., Prins, E.M., and Haddock, S.H. (2006, January 28\u201330). The origin of sensors: Evolutionary considerations for next-generation satellite programs. American meteorological society. Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Baker, N. (2013). Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) VIIRS Radiometric Calibration Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document ATBD, rev. C, Goddard Space Flight Center."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Baker, N. (2013). Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) VIIRS Radiometric Calibration Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document ATBD, rev. C, Goddard Space Flight Center."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, S.W., Jamilkowski, M., and Grant, K. Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) Common Ground System (CGS) Architectural Overview and Tenets, Available online: http:\/\/www.jpss.noaa.gov\/AMS_2014\/Presentations\/31_JPSS_CGS_Overview_and_Architectural_Tenets.pdf.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2014-4291"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12427","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61212427","article-title":"The S-S-NPP VIIRS Day-Night Band On-Orbit Calibration\/Characterization and Current State of SDR Products","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Baker, N. (2013). Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) VIIRS Radiometric Calibration Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document ATBD, rev. C, Goddard Space Flight Center."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Mills, S., Jacobson, E., Jaron, J., McCarthy, J., Ohnuki, T., Plonski, M., Searcy, D., and Weiss, S. (2010, January 17\u201321). Calibration of the VIIRS Day\/Night Band (DNB). Proceedings of the 6th Annual Symposium on Future National Operational Environmental Satellite Systems-NPOESS and GOES-R, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"8510","article-title":"VIIRS day-night band gain and offset determination and performance","volume":"8510","author":"Geis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Baker, N. (2013). Solar Diffuser Calibration Multi-Orbit Aggregation. Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) VIIRS Radiometric Calibration Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document ATBD, rev. C, Goddard Space Flight Center."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13434","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020479","article-title":"Automated calibration of the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) reflective solar bands","volume":"118","author":"Rausch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Mills, S. (2012). VIIRS DNB Stray Light Anomaly Analysis (DR4623)."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Lee, S., McIntire, J., Oudrari, H., Schwarting, T., and Xiong, X. (2014). A New Method for Suomi-NPP VIIRS Day\u2013Night Band On-Orbit Radiometric Calibration. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Lee, S. (2012). VIIRS F1 Day Night Band Offset Determination: VROP702 vs. Pitch Maneuver."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Mills, S. (2012). VIIRS DNB Cross-Stage Gain Calibration Using Earthshine on Solar Diffuser."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Haas, E. RSBAutoCal Status and Path Forward, STAR JPSS Annual Science Team Meeting, 26 August 2015, Available online: http:\/\/www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov\/star\/documents\/meetings\/2015JPSSAnnual\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Baker, N. (2013). Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) VIIRS Radiometric Calibration Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document ATBD, rev. C, Goddard Space Flight Center."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills, S., Weiss, S., and Liang, C. (2013). VIIRS day\/night band (DNB) stray light characterization and correction. Proc. SPIE, 8866.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2023107"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"NOAA Comprehensive Large Array-Data Stewardship System, Available online: www.class.ngdc.noaa.gov\/saa\/products\/welcome."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Community Satellite Processing Package. Available online: http:\/\/cimss.ssec.wisc.edu\/cspp\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Gumley, L. (2015, January 14\u201316). CSPP polar-orbiting satellite software and products. Proceedings of the 2015 CSPP\/IMAPP Users\u2019 Group Meeting, Darmstadt, Germany."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2119399","article-title":"Toward Optimal Destriping of MODIS Data Using a Unidirectional Variational Model","volume":"49","author":"Bouali","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills, S. (2015). VIIRS Day-Night Band destriping methods for improved uniformity. GSICS Q., 9.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2060143"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-664X(79)90035-2","article-title":"Destriping Landsat MSS images by histogram modification","volume":"10","author":"Horn","year":"1979","journal-title":"Comput. Gr. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6964","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2306132","article-title":"Improved VIIRS Day\/Night Band Imagery with Near-Constant Contrast","volume":"52","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6042809","article-title":"Initial Stability Assessment of S-NPP VIIRS Reflective Solar Band Calibration Using Invariant Desert and Deep Convective Cloud Targets","volume":"6","author":"Bhatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2247768","article-title":"Early on-orbit performance of the visible infrared imaging radiometer suite onboard the Suomi national polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) satellite","volume":"52","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velden, C., Harper, B., Wells, F., Beven, J.L., Zehr, R., Olander, T., Mayfield, M., Guard, C., Lander, M., and Edson, R. (2006). The Dvorak Tropical Cyclone Intensity Estimation Technique, A Satellite-Based Method that Has Endured for over 30 Years. BAMS.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-87-9-1195"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Mills, S., and Liang, C. (2012). VIIRS DNB Cross-Stage Calibration Coefficient Ratio Change in 1 Month."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Mills, S., and Liang, C. (2012). Comparison of DNB Inter-Stage Gain Ratios."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Liao, L., Weiss, S., and Liang, C. (2013, January 18\u201320). DNB performance. Proceedings of 2013 Suomi NPP SDR Science and Products Review, College Park, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarthy, J.K., Jacobson, E.J., Kilduff, T.M., Estes, R.W., Levine, P.A., Mills, S., Elvidge, C., and Miller, S.D. (2013). On the potential to enhance the spatial resolution of the day-night band (DNB) channel of the visible and infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS) for the second joint polar satellite system (JPSS-2) and beyond. Proc. SPIE, 8866.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2024407"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Mills, S. (2015, January 24\u201328). JPSS-1 VIIRS DNB, prelaunch tests & performance. Proceedings of 2015 STAR JPSS Annual Science Team Meeting, College Park, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, S.D., Straka, W.C., Yue, J., Smith, S.M., Alexander, M.J., Hoffmann, L., Setv\u00e1k, M., and Partain, P.T. (2015). Upper atmospheric gravity wave details revealed in nightglow satellite imagery. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 112.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508084112"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/2\/1\/9\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:20:39Z","timestamp":1760210439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/2\/1\/9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging2010009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging2010009","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-433X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]]}}}