{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:57:53Z","timestamp":1769216273579,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]],"date-time":"2016-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The discovery of infrared radiation by William Herschel in 1800 led to John Herschel\u2019s study of solar radiation that he imaged by evaporography. This he termed a thermogram. The measurement of temperature in medicine advanced with Dr Carl Wunderlich, who showed the significance of the use of temperature measurements for diagnosis of fever and for monitoring the course of temperature in relation to disease. It was William and John Herschel\u2019s discovery of infrared radiation that has ultimately opened up many applications for thermal imaging. Radiometric determination of human body (skin) temperature is now achievable. Remote sensing of infrared radiation first developed in the 1940s and has continued to develop steadily since 1960. Modern high speed and high resolution camera systems have now reached a dramatic level of performance at more modest costs, which medicine can now employ for non-invasive and quantifiable imaging. This has applications in many areas of medicine both for diagnostics and monitoring treatment. In recent years the acute threat of pandemic infection has increased, heightened by today\u2019s ever expanding world travel. Special interest has been shown in the potential of thermal imaging for airport and travel screening. This is in effect where Dr Wunderlich\u2019s studies began, and it has yet to be proven that the technique can be responsibly employed for efficient screening of large numbers of the travelling public.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging2020013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]],"date-time":"2016-04-14T12:37:04Z","timestamp":1460637424000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Herschel Heritage to Medical Thermography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Francis","family":"Ring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Research Unit, Faculty of Mathematics Computing and Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2006.06.029","article-title":"The historical development of temperature measurement in medicine","volume":"49","author":"Ring","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Wunderlich, C.A. (1871). On the Temperature in Diseases: A Manual of Medical Thermometry, The New Sydenham Society."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13682199.2000.11784339","article-title":"The discovery of infrared radiation in 1800","volume":"48","author":"Ring","year":"2000","journal-title":"Imaging Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI100609","article-title":"The radiation of heat from the human body. III. The human skin as a black body radiator","volume":"13","author":"Hardy","year":"1934","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1964.tb13683.x","article-title":"Thermography and its Clinical Applications: Thermography","volume":"121","author":"Barnes","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. 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Rheumatoid Arthritis, Biomedical Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.38.1.36","article-title":"A thermographic and clinical comparison of three intra-articular steroid preparations in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Bird","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"7","article-title":"The technique of infrared imaging in medicine","volume":"10","author":"Ring","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thermol. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"125","article-title":"The Glamorgan protocol for recording and evaluation of thermal images of the human body","volume":"18","author":"Ammer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thermol. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"109","article-title":"Cold Challenge to provoke a vasospastic reaction in fingers determined by temperature measurements: A systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Ammer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thermol. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Vardasca, R. (2010). The Effect of Work Related Mechanical Stress on the Peripheral Temperature of the Hand. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Glamorgan]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.06.028","article-title":"Skin temperature monitoring reduces the risk of diabetic foot ulceration in high risk patients","volume":"120","author":"Armstrong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2010.10.019","article-title":"Quantification of the thermal signature of a melanoma","volume":"50","author":"Cetingul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Therm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R33","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/33\/3\/R33","article-title":"Infrared thermal imaging in medicine","volume":"33","author":"Ring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (2010). Particular Requirements for the Basic Safety and Essential Performance of Screening Thermographs for Human Fever Detection, ISO. ISO\/TC121\/SC3-IEC SC62D."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"International Organization for Standrdization (2009). Medical Electrical Equipment-Deployment, Implementation and Operational Guidelines for Identifying Febrile Humans Using a Screening Thermograph, ISO. ISO\/TR 13154:2009 ISO TR 80600."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3109\/03091901003663836","article-title":"New standards for devices used for the measurement of human body temperature","volume":"34","author":"Ring","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diakides, M., Bronzino, J.B., and Peterson, D.R. (2013). Medical Infrared Imaging, Principles and Practices, CRC Press. Chapter 24.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12938"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diakides, M., Bronzino, J.B., and Peterson, D.R. (2013). Medical Infrared Imaging Principles and Practices, CRC Press. Chapter 23.","DOI":"10.1201\/b12938"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ring, E.F.J., Jung, A., and Zuber, J. (2015). Infrared Imaging: A Casebook for Clinical Medicine, Institute of Physics Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/978-0-7503-1143-4"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/2\/2\/13\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:22:14Z","timestamp":1760210534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/2\/2\/13"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging2020013"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging2020013","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]]}}}