{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:18:57Z","timestamp":1760242737020,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,9]],"date-time":"2016-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stress-related biophysical variables of capital intensive orchard crops can be estimated with proxies via spectral vegetation indices from off-nadir viewing satellite imagery. However, variable viewing compositions affect the relationship between spectral vegetation indices and stress-related variables (i.e., chlorophyll content, water content and Leaf Area Index (LAI)) and could obstruct change detection. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the estimation of biophysical variables via vegetation indices for a wide range of viewing geometries. Subsequently, off-nadir viewing satellite imagery of an experimental orchard was analyzed, while all influences of background admixture were minimized through vegetation index normalization. Results indicated significant differences between nadir and off-nadir viewing scenes (\u2206R2 &gt; 0.4). The Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII) and Simple Ratio Pigment Index (SRPI) showed increased R2 values for off-nadir scenes taken perpendicular compared to parallel to row orientation. Other indices, such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Gitelson and Merzlyak (GM) and Structure Insensitive Pigment Index (SIPI), showed a significant decrease in R2 values from nadir to off-nadir viewing scenes. These results show the necessity of vegetation index selection for variable viewing applications to obtain an optimal derivation of biophysical variables in all circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging2020015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,9]],"date-time":"2016-05-09T10:05:24Z","timestamp":1462788324000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Viewing Geometry Sensitivity of Commonly Used Vegetation Indices towards the Estimation of Biophysical Variables in Orchards"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Van Beek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Willem de Croylaan 34, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Tits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Willem de Croylaan 34, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Remote Sensing Unit, Boeretang 200, BE-2400 Mol, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7875-107X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Somers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Celestijnenlaan 200E, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Deckers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pcfruit research station, Fruittuinweg 1, BE-3800 Sint-Truiden, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7571-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Janssens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soil Service of Belgium, Willem de Croylaan 48, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pol","family":"Coppin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Willem de Croylaan 34, BE-3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.09.002","article-title":"Assessing vineyard condition with hyperspectral indices: Leaf and canopy reflectance simulation in a row-structured discontinuous canopy","volume":"99","author":"Berjon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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