{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T08:17:35Z","timestamp":1769761055530,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]],"date-time":"2017-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Watermark is the copy deterrence mechanism used in the multimedia signal that is to be protected from hacking and piracy such a way that it can later be extracted from the watermarked signal by the decoder. Watermarking can be used in various applications such as authentication, video indexing, copyright protection and access control. In this paper a new CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) based robust watermarking algorithm using customized 8 \u00d7 8 Walsh Hadamard Transform, is proposed for the color images and detailed performance and robustness analysis have been performed. The paper studies in detail the effect of spreading code length, number of spreading codes and type of spreading codes on the performance of the watermarking system. Compared to the existing techniques the proposed scheme is computationally more efficient and consumes much less time for execution. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is robust and survives most of the common signal processing and geometric attacks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging3040046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]],"date-time":"2017-10-13T11:34:09Z","timestamp":1507894449000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Computationally Efficient Robust Color Image Watermarking Using Fast Walsh Hadamard Transform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9531-9377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suja","family":"Kalarikkal Pullayikodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 33 Muscat, Oman"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7690-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naser","family":"Tarhuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 33 Muscat, Oman"}]},{"given":"Afaq","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 33 Muscat, Oman"}]},{"given":"Fahad","family":"Shiginah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 33 Muscat, Oman"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Vassaux, B., Bas, P., and Chassery, J.M. 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Display Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Maity, S.P., and Kundu, M.K. (2004, January 24\u201327). A Blind CDMA Image Watermarking Scheme in Wavelet Domain. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing-ICIP 2004, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Wah, W.H. (2003). Image Watermarking and Data Hiding Techniques. [Ph.D. Thesis, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdallah, E.E., Hamza, A.B., and Bhattacharya, P. (2006, January 20\u201324). Robust block based image watermarking scheme using fast Hadamard transformation and single value decomposition. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2006.167"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Mwangi, E. (2007, January 12\u201315). A wavelet based image watermarking scheme with a CDMA\/Hadamard embedding technique. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, Sharjah, UAE."}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/3\/4\/46\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:47:17Z","timestamp":1760208437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/3\/4\/46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging3040046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging3040046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]]}}}