{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T13:58:33Z","timestamp":1762955913330,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]],"date-time":"2018-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study evaluates the quality of gaze data produced by a low-cost eye tracker (The Eye Tribe\u00a9, The Eye Tribe, Copenhagen, Denmark) in order to verify its suitability for the performance of scientific research. An integrated methodological framework, based on artificial eye measurements and human eye tracking data, is proposed towards the implementation of the experimental process. The obtained results are used to remove the modeled noise through manual filtering and when detecting samples (fixations). The outcomes aim to serve as a robust reference for the verification of the validity of low-cost solutions, as well as a guide for the selection of appropriate fixation parameters towards the analysis of experimental data based on the used low-cost device. The results show higher deviation values for the real test persons in comparison to the artificial eyes, but these are still acceptable to be used in a scientific setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging4080096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]],"date-time":"2018-07-30T11:55:08Z","timestamp":1532951708000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Measuring the Spatial Noise of a Low-Cost Eye Tracker to Enhance Fixation Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4921-7553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristien","family":"Ooms","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3030-4203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vassilios","family":"Krassanakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytech Nantes, Laboratoire des Sciences du Num\u00e9rique de Nantes (LS2N), Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, 44306 Nantes CEDEX 3, France"},{"name":"Department of Surveying &amp; Geoinformatics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12243 Aigaleo, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-012-0499-z","article-title":"Gaze and eye-tracking solutions for psychological research","volume":"13","author":"Mele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognit. Process."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., and Abrol, P. (2013). Eye Gaze Techniques for Human Computer Interaction: A Research Survey. Int. J. Comput. Appl., 71.","key":"ref_2","DOI":"10.5120\/12386-8738"},{"unstructured":"Ghaoudi, C. (2005). Eye tracking in HCI and usability research: Current Status and Future Prospects. Encyclopedia of Human Computer Interaction, Idea Group.","key":"ref_3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-012-0234-7","article-title":"A review of eye-tracking applications as tools for training","volume":"15","author":"Rosch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognit. Technol. Work"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2013.10.001","article-title":"A review of using eye-tracking technology in exploring learning from 2000 to 2012","volume":"10","author":"Lai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1108\/S1548-6435(2008)0000004009","article-title":"A review of eye-tracking research in marketing","volume":"4","author":"Wedel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Market. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2015.07.004","article-title":"Eye movements in reading and information processing: Keith Rayner\u2019s 40year legacy","volume":"86","author":"Clifton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mem. Lang."},{"unstructured":"Buswell, G.T. (1935). How People Look at Pictures, University of Chicago Press.","key":"ref_8"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarbus, A.L. (1967). Eye Movements and Vision, Plenum Press.","key":"ref_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-5379-7"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.1.188","article-title":"An adaptive algorithm for fixation, saccade, and glissade detection in eyetracking data","volume":"42","author":"Holmqvist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.12.006","article-title":"A simple nonparametric method for classifying eye fixations","volume":"57","author":"Mould","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.7.1.1","article-title":"EyeMMV toolbox: An eye movement post-analysis tool based on a two-step spatial dispersion threshold for fixation identification","volume":"7","author":"Krassanakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2014.12.008","article-title":"Detection of fixations and smooth pursuit movements in high-speed eye-tracking data","volume":"18","author":"Larsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195488","article-title":"ILAB: A program for postexperimental eye movement analysis","volume":"34","author":"Gitelman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.4.1150","article-title":"OGAMA (Open Gaze and Mouse Analyzer): Open-source software designed to analyze eye and mouse movements in slideshow study designs","volume":"40","author":"Nordmeier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0149-x","article-title":"GazeAlyze: A MATLAB toolbox for the analysis of eye movement data","volume":"44","author":"Berger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1177\/0301006615594944","article-title":"ETRAN\u2014R Extension Package for Eye Tracking Results Analysis","volume":"44","author":"Zhegallo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.2.373","article-title":"ASTEF: A simple tool for examining fixations","volume":"40","author":"Camilli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Simple (r) Tool for Examining Fixations","volume":"9","author":"Capobianco","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"unstructured":"Xu, P., Ehinger, K.A., Zhang, Y., Finkelstein, A., Kulkarni, S.R., and Xiao, J. (arXiv, 2015). TurkerGaze: Crowdsourcing saliency with webcam based eye tracking, arXiv.","key":"ref_20"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2016.07.029","article-title":"Evaluation of temporal stability of eye tracking algorithms using webcams","volume":"64","author":"Gaudioso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"unstructured":"Papoutsaki, A., Daskalova, N., Sangkloy, P., Huang, J., Laskey, J., and Hays, J. (2016, January 9\u201315). WebGazer: Scalable Webcam Eye Tracking Using User Interactions. Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), New York, NY, USA.","key":"ref_22"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.7.3.2","article-title":"A cheap portable eye-tracker solution for common setups","volume":"7","author":"Ferhat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2015.05.007","article-title":"On visual gaze tracking based on a single low cost camera","volume":"36","author":"Skodras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Signal Process. Image Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0465-z","article-title":"ExpertEyes: Open-source, high-definition eyetracking","volume":"47","author":"Parada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.8.1.5","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of fixation locations recorded with the low-cost Eye Tribe tracker in different experimental set-ups","volume":"8","author":"Ooms","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8680541","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8680541","article-title":"Low Cost Eye Tracking: The Current Panorama","volume":"2016","author":"Ferhat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasprowski, P., and Harezlak, K. (2016). Using non-calibrated eye movement data to enhance human computer interfaces. Intelligent Decision Technologies, Springer International Publishing.","key":"ref_28","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19857-6_31"},{"unstructured":"Rodrigue, M., Son, J., Giesbrecht, B., Turk, M., and H\u00f6llerer, T. (April, January 29). Spatio-Temporal Detection of Divided Attention in Reading Applications Using EEG and Eye Tracking. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Atlanta, GA, USA.","key":"ref_29"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23187","article-title":"Understanding eye movements on mobile devices for better presentation of search results","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajanna, V., and Hammond, T. (2016, January 14\u201317). GAWSCHI: Gaze-augmented, wearable-supplemented computer-human interaction. Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, Charleston, SC, USA.","key":"ref_31","DOI":"10.1145\/2857491.2857499"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"e585v1","article-title":"Is the low-cost EyeTribe eye tracker any good for research? (No. e585v1)","volume":"2","author":"Dalmaijer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ PrePrints"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9172506","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9172506","article-title":"EyeTribe Tracker Data Accuracy Evaluation and Its Interconnection with Hypothesis Software for Cartographic Purposes","volume":"2016","author":"Popelka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e6kgaard, P., Petersen, M.K., and Larsen, J.E. Thinking outside of the box or enjoying your 2 seconds of frame? In Proceedings of the International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction, Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2\u20137 August 2015.","key":"ref_34","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20681-3_17"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brennan, C., McCullagh, P., Lightbody, G., Galway, L., Feuser, D., Gonz\u00e1lez, J.L., and Martin, S. (2015, January 10\u201312). Accessing Tele-Services using a Hybrid BCI Approach. Proceedings of the International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.","key":"ref_35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19258-1_10"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Babcock, J., and Parkhurst, D.J. (2006, January 27\u201329). OpenEyes: A Low-cost head-mounted eye-tracking solution. Proceedings of the 2006 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, San Diego, CA, USA.","key":"ref_36","DOI":"10.1145\/1117309.1117350"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"San Agustin, J., Skovsgaard, H., Mollenbach, E., Barret, M., Tall, M., Hansen, D.W., and Hansen, J.P. (2010, January 28\u201330). Evaluation of a low-cost open-source gaze tracker. Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & Applications, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","key":"ref_37","DOI":"10.1145\/1743666.1743685"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0913-7","article-title":"Online webcam-based eye tracking in cognitive science: A first look","volume":"50","author":"Semmelmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, S., Sun, Z., Ma, X., Forlizzi, J.L., Hudson, S.E., and Dey, A. (2015, January 14\u201318). Social Eye Tracking: Gaze Recall with Online Crowds. Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","key":"ref_39","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675249"},{"unstructured":"Holmqvist, K., Nystr\u00f6m, M., Andersson, R., Dewhurst, R., Jarodzka, H., and Van de Weijer, J. (2011). Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures, Oxford University Press.","key":"ref_40"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmqvist, K., Nystr\u00f6m, M., and Mulvey, F. (2012, January 28\u201330). Eye tracker data quality: What it is and how to measure it. Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","key":"ref_41","DOI":"10.1145\/2168556.2168563"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0247-4","article-title":"The influence of calibration method and eye physiology on eyetracking data quality","volume":"45","author":"Andersson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0343-0","article-title":"Eye-tracking data quality as affected by ethnicity and experimental design","volume":"46","author":"Blignaut","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12093","article-title":"Consequences of Eye Color, Positioning, and Head Movement for Eye-Tracking Data Quality in Infant Research","volume":"20","author":"Hessels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemotte, A., Velasco, M.A., Torricelli, D., Raya, R., and Ceres, R. (2014, January 25\u201326). Accuracy and precision of the Tobii X2-30 eye-tracking under non ideal conditions. Proceedings of the International Congress on Neurotechnology, Electronics and Informatics (NEUROTECHNIX 2014), Roma, Italy.","key":"ref_45","DOI":"10.5220\/0005094201110116"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantiuk, R. (2016). Accuracy of High-End and Self-build Eye-Tracking Systems. International Multi-Conference on Advanced Computer Systems, Springer International Publishing.","key":"ref_46","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48429-7_20"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0762-9","article-title":"Evaluation of the Tobii EyeX Eye Tracking controller and Matlab toolkit for research","volume":"49","author":"Gibaldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1080\/13506285.2013.876481","article-title":"Eye tracking research and technology: Towards objective measurement of data quality","volume":"22","author":"Reingold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vis. Cognit."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.9.2.2","article-title":"Detection of moving point symbols on cartographic backgrounds","volume":"9","author":"Krassanakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"unstructured":"Krassanakis, V., Filippakopoulou, V., and Nakos, B. (2011, January 4\u20135). An Application of Eye Tracking Methodology in Cartographic Research. Proceedings of the Eye-TrackBehavior 2011(Tobii), Frankfurt, Germany.","key":"ref_50"},{"unstructured":"Krassanakis, V., Lelli, A., Lokka, I.E., Filippakopoulou, V., and Nakos, B. (2013, January 25\u201330). Investigating dynamic variables with eye movement analysis. Proceedings of the 26th International Cartographic Association Conference, Dresden, Germany.","key":"ref_51"},{"unstructured":"Krassanakis, V. (2014). Development of a Methodology of Eye Movement Analysis for the Study of Visual Perception in Animated Maps. [Ph.D. Thesis, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens]. (In Greek).","key":"ref_52"},{"unstructured":"Krassanakis, V. (2009). Recording the Trace of Visual Search: A Research Method of the Selectivity of Hole as Basic Shape Characteristic. [Diploma Thesis, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens]. (In Greek).","key":"ref_53"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.8.1.1","article-title":"Dummy eye measurements of microsaccades: Testing the influence of system noise and head movements on microsaccade detection in a popular video-based eye tracker","volume":"8","author":"Hermens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0755-8","article-title":"A study of artificial eyes for the measurement of precision in eye-trackers","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0456-0","article-title":"GraFIX: A semiautomatic approach for parsing low-and high-quality eye-tracking data","volume":"47","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015awirski, L., and Dodgson, N. (2014, January 26\u201328). Rendering synthetic ground truth images for eye tracker evaluation. Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, Safety Harbor, FL, USA.","key":"ref_57","DOI":"10.1145\/2578153.2578188"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvucci, D.D., and Goldberg, J.H. (2000, January 6\u20138). Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols. Proceedings of the 2000 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, USA.","key":"ref_58","DOI":"10.1145\/355017.355028"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"247","article-title":"Review of algorithms for detection of fixations from eye tracker database","volume":"7","author":"Punde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Latest Trends Eng. Technol."},{"unstructured":"Harezlak, K., and Kasprowski, P. (2014, January 27\u201328). Evaluating quality of dispersion based fixation detection algorithm. Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Computer and In-formation Sciences, Information Sciences and Systems, October, Krakow, Poland.","key":"ref_60"},{"unstructured":"Kiefer, P., Giannopoulos, I., Raubal, M., and Kr\u00fcger, A. (2014, January 23\u201326). Experimenting with polylines on the visualization of eye tracking data from observation of cartographic lines. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Eye Tracking for Spatial Research (Co-Located with the 8th International Conference on Geographic Information Science (GIScience 2014)), Vienna, Austria.","key":"ref_61"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Wang, Q., Barney, E., Hart, L., Wall, C., Chawarska, K., De Urabain, I.R.S., Smith, T.J., and Shic, F. (2016, January 14\u201317). Modified DBSCAN algorithm on oculomotor fixation identification. Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, Charleston, SC, USA.","key":"ref_62","DOI":"10.1145\/2857491.2888587"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shic, F., Scassellati, B., and Chawarska, K. (2008, January 26\u201328). The incomplete fixation measure. Proceedings of the 2008 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, Savannah, GA, USA.","key":"ref_63","DOI":"10.1145\/1344471.1344500"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangnimitchok, S., Nonnarit, O., Barreto, A., Ortega, F.R., and Rishe, N.D. (2016). Finding an Efficient Threshold for Fixation Detection in Eye Gaze Tracking. International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Springer International Publishing.","key":"ref_64","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39516-6_9"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob, R.J.K., and Karn, K.S. (2003). Eye Tracking in Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Research: Ready to Deliver the Promises. The Mind\u2019s Eyes: Cognitive and Applied Aspects of Eye Movements, Elsevier Science.","key":"ref_65","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044451020-4\/50031-1"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3758\/APP.71.4.881","article-title":"Fixation identification: The optimum threshold for a dispersion algorithm","volume":"71","author":"Blignaut","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.2.5.4","article-title":"The effect of fixational eye movements on fixation identification with dispersion-based fixation detection algorithm","volume":"2","author":"Blignaut","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-8141(98)00068-7","article-title":"Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: Methods and constructs","volume":"24","author":"Goldberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"unstructured":"Duchowski, A.T. (2007). Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory & Practice, Springer. [2nd ed.].","key":"ref_69"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0245-6","article-title":"Parsing eye-tracking data of variable quality to provide accurate fixation duration estimates in infants and adults","volume":"45","author":"Wass","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0422-2","article-title":"PyGaze: An open-source, cross-platform toolbox for minimal-effort programming of eyetracking experiments","volume":"46","author":"Dalmaijer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"unstructured":"Matlin, M.W. (2005). Cognition, Wiley.","key":"ref_72"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tafaj, E., Kasneci, G., Rosenstil, W., and Bogdan, M. (2012, January 28\u201330). Bayesian online clustering of eye movement data. Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.","key":"ref_73","DOI":"10.1145\/2168556.2168617"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santini, T., Fuhl, T., K\u00fcbler, T., and Fasneci, E. (2016, January 14\u201317). Bayesian identification of fixations, saccades, and smooth pursuits. Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, Charleston, SC, USA.","key":"ref_74","DOI":"10.1145\/2857491.2857512"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braunagel, C., Geisler, D., Stolzmann, W., Rosenstil, W., and Kasneci, E. (2016, January 14\u201317). On the necessity of adaptive eye movement classification in conditionally automated driving scenarios. Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications, Charleston, SC, USA.","key":"ref_75","DOI":"10.1145\/2857491.2857529"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/4\/8\/96\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:14:54Z","timestamp":1760195694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/4\/8\/96"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging4080096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging4080096","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-433X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]]}}}