{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:08:10Z","timestamp":1760242090381,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,30]],"date-time":"2018-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009993","name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unit Seed Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unit Seed Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009993","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007699","name":"University of Georgia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UGA-AU Inter-Institutional Seed Funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGA-AU Inter-Institutional Seed Funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007197","name":"U.S. Public Health Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1ZID","BC011242","CL040015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1ZID","BC011242","CL040015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of blindness, has been linked to increases in intraocular pressure. In order to observe and study this effect, proposed is a specialized microinjector and driver that can be used to inject small amounts of liquid into a target volume. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided remotely activated devices require specialized equipment that is compatible with the MR environment. This paper presents an MR Conditional microinjector system with a pressure sensor for investigating the effects of intraocular pressure (IOP) in near-real-time. The system uses pressurized air and a linear actuation device to push a syringe in a controlled, stepwise manner. The feasibility and utility of the proposed investigative medical research tool were tested and validated by measuring the pressure inside an intact animal donor eyeball while precise, small volumes of water were injected into the specimen. Observable increases in the volume of the specimen at measured, specific target pressure increases show that the system is technically feasible for studying IOP effects, while the changes in shape were depicted in MRI scan images themselves. In addition, it was verified that the presence and operation of the system did not interfere with the MRI machine, confirming its conditional compatibility with the 3T MRI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging5010004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]],"date-time":"2018-12-31T07:22:30Z","timestamp":1546240950000},"page":"4","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Magnetic Resonance Conditional Microinjector"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Wineland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9903-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Boland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4012-7084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging and Visual Science Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology and Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9741-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zion","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Glaucoma.org (2015, October 25). Types of Glaucoma. Available online: http:\/\/www.glaucoma.org\/glaucoma\/types-of-glaucoma.php."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9668","article-title":"Regional variations in mechanical strain in the posterior human sclera","volume":"53","author":"Fazio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Tsai, J.C. (2015, October 25). High Eye Pressure and Glaucoma. Available online: http:\/\/www.glaucoma.org\/gleams\/high-eye-pressure-and-glaucoma.php."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5662","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14561","article-title":"Magic Angle\u2013Enhanced MRI of Fibrous Microstructures in Sclera and Cornea With and Without Intraocular Pressure Loading MRI of Fibrous Microstructures in the Eye","volume":"55","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.05.024","article-title":"Biomechanical assessment in models of glaucomatous optic neuropathy","volume":"141","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32080","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32080","article-title":"Non-invasive MRI Assessments of Tissue Microstructures and Macromolecules in the Eye upon Biomechanical or Biochemical Modulation","volume":"6","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacal, J.C., Perona, R., and Feramisco, J. (1999). Microinjection, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-8705-2"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Burr, D.B., and Allen, M.R. (2013). Basic and Applied Bone Biology, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldman, R.D., Spector, D.L., and Swedlund, A.C. (2005). Live Cell Imaging: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2150471"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Apparatus, H. (2016, December 12). MRI Compatible Syringe Pump. Available online: http:\/\/www.harvardapparatus.com\/pumps-liquid-handling\/syringe-pumps\/mri-compatible-syringe-pump\/mri-compatible-syringe-pump.html."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2018, October 01). Glaucoma. Available online: https:\/\/www.erimeye.com\/heart-rate-predicts-womens-heart-risk\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020950","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4033244","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compatible Pneumatic Stepper Motor With Geneva Drive","volume":"10","author":"Wineland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2017.2767906","article-title":"Characterization and Control of a Pneumatic Motor for MR-conditional Robotic Applications","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chinzei, K., Kikinis, R., and Jolesz, F.A. (1999). MR compatibility of mechatronic devices: Design criteria. Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention\u2013MICCAI\u201999, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/10704282_111"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1049-x","article-title":"An MR-conditional high-torque pneumatic stepper motor for MRI-guided and robot-assisted intervention","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2014.2305839","article-title":"A 10-mm MR-conditional unidirectional pneumatic stepper motor","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatronics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2016.2611570","article-title":"Robotic System for MRI-Guided Focal Laser Ablation in the Prostate","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\/ASME Trans. Mechatron."}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/5\/1\/4\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:36:45Z","timestamp":1760197005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/5\/1\/4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,30]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging5010004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging5010004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-433X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,30]]}}}