{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:34:50Z","timestamp":1760240090080,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002946","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50WM1638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50WM1638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002946","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In dusty plasmas, determining the three-dimensional particle positions and trajectories of individual particles is often required. This paper benchmarks two approaches capable of reconstructing the trajectories of particles in three dimensions. The influences of the particle number, the particle number density, and the orientation of the individual cameras are studied. Additionally, the demands on the desired image quality, required for these algorithms, are discussed. The reader is given practical information for the appropriate reconstruction approach and camera positioning that should\/could be used in a specific application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging5020028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T03:21:46Z","timestamp":1550114506000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Individual Particles in Dense Dust Clouds: Benchmarking Camera Orientations and Reconstruction Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6710-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Himpel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, University Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9301-9357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Melzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, University Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4009","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.72.4009","article-title":"Direct observation of Coulomb crystals and liquids in strongly coupled rf dusty plasmas","volume":"72","author":"Chu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L804","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.33.L804","article-title":"Observation of coulomb-crystal formation from carbon particles grown in a methane plasma","volume":"33","author":"Hayashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.73.652","article-title":"lasma crystal: Coulomb crystallization in a dusty plasma","volume":"73","author":"Thomas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.115001","article-title":"Measurement of the interaction force among particles in three-dimensional plasma clusters","volume":"96","author":"Antonova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/ctpp.200910029","article-title":"Dust clouds in dc-generated dusty plasmas: Transport, waves, and three-dimensional effects","volume":"49","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Contrib. Plasma Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103703","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4897181","article-title":"On the origin of dust vortices in complex plasmas under microgravity conditions","volume":"21","author":"Bockwoldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.83.1598","article-title":"Condensed plasmas under microgravity","volume":"83","author":"Morfill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/9\/8\/268","article-title":"Self-excited void instability in dusty plasmas: plasma and dust cloud dynamics during the heartbeat instability","volume":"9","author":"Mikikian","year":"2007","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615820102","DOI":"10.1017\/S002237781600009X","article-title":"Stereoscopic imaging of dusty plasmas","volume":"82","author":"Melzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plasma Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024008","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/24\/2\/024008","article-title":"Iterative reconstruction of volumetric particle distribution","volume":"24","author":"Wieneke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-016-2157-1","article-title":"Shake-The-Box: Lagrangian particle tracking at high particle image densities","volume":"57","author":"Schanz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Himpel, M. (2019, February 11). Camera Calibration and 3D Particle Tracking Toolbox for MATLAB\u00ae. Available online: https:\/\/physik.uni-greifswald.de\/ag-melzer\/forschung\/stereo-toolbox\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Akhmetbekov, Y.K., Lozhkin, V.A., Markovich, D.M., and Tokarev, M.P. (2011, January 21\u201323). Multiset triangulation 3d ptv and its performance compared to tomographic piv. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Particle Image Velocimetry-Piv, Kobe, Japan."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1109\/34.888718","article-title":"A flexible new technique for camera calibration","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-008-0521-5","article-title":"Volume self-calibration for 3d particle image velocimetry","volume":"45","author":"Wieneke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033506","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2714050","article-title":"Particle positioning techniques for dusty plasma experiments","volume":"78","author":"Ivanov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1996.0217","article-title":"Methods of digital video microscopy for colloidal studies","volume":"79","author":"Crocker","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05370","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2735920","article-title":"Accurate particle position measurement from images","volume":"78","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1997.0547","article-title":"Triangulation","volume":"68","author":"Hartley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123704","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5006841","article-title":"Analysis of 3d vortex motion in a dusty plasma","volume":"24","author":"Mulsow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiener, N. (1949). Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2946.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3662552","article-title":"A New Approach to Linear Filtering and Prediction Problems","volume":"82","author":"Kalman","year":"1960","journal-title":"Trans. ASME J. Basic Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083707","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5046049","article-title":"Layered structures in extended dust clouds under microgravity","volume":"25","author":"Himpel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"043106","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.92.043106","article-title":"Stochastic heating of a single brownian particle by charge fluctuations in a radio-frequency produced plasma sheath","volume":"92","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"322","article-title":"Brownian motion of dust particles in a weakly ionized plasma","volume":"97","author":"Fortov","year":"2013","journal-title":"ETP Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123704","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4771687","article-title":"Three-dimensional single particle tracking in dense dust clouds by stereoscopy of fluorescent particles","volume":"19","author":"Himpel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/5\/2\/28\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:31:39Z","timestamp":1760185899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/5\/2\/28"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging5020028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging5020028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2313-433X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]}}}