{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T11:39:35Z","timestamp":1774697975397,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Relative humidity (RH) changes are a natural environmental effect that forces organic materials to a constant cycle of achieving equilibrium. The present work is part of an ongoing research based on the hypothesis that the inevitable deleterious effects of the RH natural cycle may be prevented or minimized if a deformation threshold is assigned to each monitored endangered object prior to exposure to structural damage. In this paper the characterization of the behavior of a softwood sample (1.0 cm thick) submitted to RH abrupt cycles has been performed, in terms of mass and rate of displacement of the surface. The exemplary study is based on the concept of recording the RH impact directly from the material surface, allowing us to identify diversity in reaction with time, which in turn could determine the onset of structural changes prior to irreversible damage. The RH impact is measured as surface deformation from interference fringes, using a custom-made real time holography system with interferometric precision termed digital holographic speckle-pattern interferometry (DHSPI). The main observations presented here are a hysteresis in the dynamic sorption isotherm and a greater rate of displacement during the drying. A long-term experiment was performed to identify signs of ageing of the sample. The evolution of the mass and the rate of displacement stayed similar, an offset with an interesting behavior was observed and highlights ageing of wood. In order to produce a future preventive model for distinct art objects it is necessary to determine a deformation threshold for each material. In this context the study was planned to continue with organic samples bearing variable density and thickness under longer-term RH cycles and monitoring until the samples show visible signs of irreversible damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging5070065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T03:14:41Z","timestamp":1563506081000},"page":"65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Impact of Relative Humidity on Wood Sample: A Climate Chamber Experimental Simulation Monitored by Digital Holographic Speckle Pattern Interferometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7198-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivi","family":"Tornari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), 100 N. Plastira str., Vassilika Vouton, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Basset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Universite de Lyon, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Lyon ENS, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69100 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2572-342X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michalis","family":"Andrianakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), 100 N. Plastira str., Vassilika Vouton, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Kosma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), 100 N. Plastira str., Vassilika Vouton, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Plasma Physics and Lasers, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Tria Monastiria, 74100 Rethymnon, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Thomson, G. (1990). The Museum Environment, Butterworth-Heinemann. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Martens, M. (2012). Climate Risk Assessment in Museums, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Printed by Ipskamp Drukkers: Enschede, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Mecklenburg, M.F., Tumosa, C.S., and Erhardt, D. (1994). Structural Response of Painted Wood Surfaces to Changes in Ambient Relative Humidity. Painted Wood History and Conservation, Getty Conservation Institute."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Michalski, S. (1993). Relative Humidity: A Discussion of Correct\/Incorrect Values, ICOM Committee for Conservation Tenth Triennial Meeting."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Michalski, S. (1991). Paintings\u2014Their Response to Temperature, Relative Humidity, Shock, and VibrationB. Art in Transit: Studies in the Transport of Paintings, National Gallery of Art."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-352-305","article-title":"The effects of relative humidity on the structural response of selected wood samples in the cross-grained direction","volume":"352","author":"Mecklenburg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2019, May 15). BSD Moisture and Materials by John Straube 2006. Available online: https:\/\/buildingscience.com."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skaar, C. (1988). Wood-Water Relations, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-73683-4"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1351\/pac196205010037","article-title":"Chemical and morphological aspects of the fine structure of wood","volume":"5","author":"Meier","year":"1962","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"266","article-title":"The structure of the cell wall of wood: A consequence of anisotropic inter-microfibrillar bonding?","volume":"6","author":"Scallan","year":"1974","journal-title":"Wood Sci. For Prod. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Bucur, V. (2003). Springer Series in Wood Science, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00349914","article-title":"Dynamic sorption and hygroexpansion of wood wafers exposed to sinusoidally varying humidity","volume":"17","author":"Chomcharn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"The shrinking and swelling of wood and its effect on furniture","volume":"163","author":"Eckelman","year":"1998","journal-title":"For. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00226-012-0514-7","article-title":"A critical discussion of the physics of wood\u2013water interactions","volume":"47","author":"Engelund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wood Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.12.026","article-title":"The impact of future climate on historic interiors","volume":"417\u2013418","author":"Lankester","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bylund Melin, C., Hagentoft, C.E., Holl, K., Nik, V.M., and Kilian, R. (2018). Simulations of Moisture Gradients in Wood Subjected to Changes in Relative Humidity and Temperature Due to Climate Change. Geosciences, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences8100378"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-017-2167-9","article-title":"A critical analysis of one standard and five methods to monitor surface wetness and time-of-wetness","volume":"132","author":"Camuffo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00088-7","article-title":"Environmental Monitoring in Four European Museums","volume":"35","author":"Camuffo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Noah\u2019s Ark Project 2007 (2007). D12\u2014Production of the Vulnerability Atlas and Deliverable 15\u2014Freely Available Guidelines on Adaptation of Cultural Heritage to Climate Change, European Commission. EU 6th Framework Program, Project no. SSPI-CT-2003-501837-NOAH\u2019S ARK."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2019, May 15). Climate for Culture Project. Available online: https:\/\/www.climateforculture.eu\/index.php?inhalt=dissemination.publications."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8401","DOI":"10.3390\/s8128401","article-title":"Fully non contact holography-based inspection on dimensionally responsive artwork materials","volume":"8","author":"Tornari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-009-5096-3","article-title":"Rapid initial dimensional changes in wooden panel paintings due to simulated climate-induced alterations monitored by digital coherent out-of-plane interferometry","volume":"95","author":"Bernikola","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Pezzati, L., and Targowski, P. (2015, January 7). Measuring environmental impact by real time laser differential displacement technique in simulated climate conditions. Proceedings of the SPIE 9527, Optics for Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology V, 95270R, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tornari, V., Bernikola, E., Bellendorf, P., Bertolin, C., Camuffo, D., Kotova, L., Jacobs, D., Zarnic, R., and Rajcic, V. (2013, January 30). Surface monitoring measurements of materials on environmental change conditions. Proceedings of the SPIE 8790, Optics for Arts, Architecture and Archaelogy IV, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2022521"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12288","DOI":"10.1111\/str.12288","article-title":"On development of portable Digital Holographic Speckle Pattern Interferometry system for remote-access monitoring and documentation in art conservation","volume":"55","author":"Tornari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Strain"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S143","DOI":"10.1179\/0039363015Z.000000000219","article-title":"Preventive deformation measurements on cultural heritage materials based on non-contact surface response of model samples","volume":"60","author":"Tornari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stud. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2015.08.004","article-title":"Diffusion-model-based risk assessment of moisture originated wood deterioration in historic buildings","volume":"94","author":"Tornari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, R., and Wykes, C. (1989). Holographic and Speckle Interferometry, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511622465"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vest, C.M. (1979). Holographic Interferometry, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2995245"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Juptner, W. (1993). Non Destructive Testing with Interferometry, Academie Verlag GmbH. Physical Research, Proc. Fringe 83."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dainty, J.C. (1975). Laser Speckle and Related Phenomena, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43205-1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12263","DOI":"10.1111\/str.12263","article-title":"Digital holographic interferometry for cultural heritage structural diagnostics: A coherent and a low-coherence optical set-up for the study of a marquetry sample","volume":"54","author":"Kosma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Strain"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Tornari, V., Bonarou, A., and Antonucci, L. (2001, January 17\u201319). Sequential holographic interferometric recording: A key to monitor dynamic displacements in long-term effects. (invited paper). Proceedings of the 4th International workshop on automatic processing of fringe patterns, Bremen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"39","article-title":"Spatial Coordinates in Interferometry Fringes: A Timeless Artwork Multipurpose Documentation","volume":"1","author":"Tornari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Basic Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.26.002504","article-title":"Digital phase-shifting interferometry: A simple error-compensating phase calculation algorithm","volume":"26","author":"Hariharan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11741-006-0106-6","article-title":"Phase shifting digital holography in image reconstruction","volume":"10","author":"Orphanos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Shanghai Univ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-002-0303-3","article-title":"Studies on hygroscopic moisture transport in Norway spruce (Picea abies) Part 1: Sorption measurements of spruce exposed to cyclic step changes in relative humidity","volume":"60","author":"Time","year":"2002","journal-title":"Holz als Rohund Werkst."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Walker, J.C.F. (2006). Primary Wood Processing: Principles and Practice, Springer. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shmulsky, R., and Jones, P.D. (2011). Forest Products and Wood Science, Wiley-Blackwell. [6th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470960035"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/5\/7\/65\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:07:00Z","timestamp":1760188020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/5\/7\/65"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging5070065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging5070065","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]}}}