{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T22:56:43Z","timestamp":1780613803056,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bragg edge tomography was carried out on novel, ultra-thick, directional ice templated graphite electrodes for Li-ion battery cells to visualise the distribution of graphite and stable lithiation phases, namely LiC12 and LiC6. The four-dimensional Bragg edge, wavelength-resolved neutron tomography technique allowed the investigation of the crystallographic lithiation states and comparison with the electrode state of charge. The tomographic imaging technique provided insight into the crystallographic changes during de-\/lithiation over the electrode thickness by mapping the attenuation curves and Bragg edge parameters with a spatial resolution of approximately 300 \u00b5m. This feasibility study was performed on the IMAT beamline at the ISIS pulsed neutron spallation source, UK, and was the first time the 4D Bragg edge tomography method was applied to Li-ion battery electrodes. The utility of the technique was further enhanced by correlation with corresponding X-ray tomography data obtained at the Diamond Light Source, UK.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging6120136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T20:56:57Z","timestamp":1607893017000},"page":"136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["4D Bragg Edge Tomography of Directional Ice Templated Graphite Electrodes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7955-6893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf F.","family":"Ziesche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, UK"},{"name":"The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK"},{"name":"Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"},{"name":"Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), ISIS Facility, Harwell OX11 0QX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2443-7576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton S.","family":"Tremsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Engineering, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, UK"},{"name":"The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7942-7837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick S.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK"},{"name":"Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malte","family":"Storm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8545-3126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan J. L.","family":"Brett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, UK"},{"name":"The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1387-9531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul R.","family":"Shearing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 7JE, UK"},{"name":"The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"Kockelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), ISIS Facility, Harwell OX11 0QX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2007.05.207","article-title":"Energy-selective neutron transmission imaging at a pulsed source","volume":"578","author":"Kockelmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucl. 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