{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T13:17:01Z","timestamp":1781529421838,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a set of methods to improve the automation of the parametric 3D modeling of historic roof structures using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point clouds. The final product of the TLS point clouds consist of 3D representation of all objects, which were visible during the scanning, including structural elements, wooden walking ways and rails, roof cover and the ground; thus, a new method was applied to detect and exclude the roof cover points. On the interior roof points, a region-growing segmentation-based beam side face searching approach was extended with an additional method that splits complex segments into linear sub-segments. The presented workflow was conducted on an entire historic roof structure. The main target is to increase the automation of the modeling in the context of completeness. The number of manually counted beams served as reference to define a completeness ratio for results of automatically modeling beams. The analysis shows that this approach could increase the quantitative completeness of the full automatically generated 3D model of the roof structure from 29% to 63%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T10:57:37Z","timestamp":1642071457000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Historic Timber Roof Structure Reconstruction through Automated Analysis of Point Clouds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0734-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ta\u015fk\u0131n","family":"\u00d6zkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of History of Art, Building Archaeoloy and Restoration, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13\/E251, 1040 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Research Unit of Photogrammetry, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstra\u00dfe 8\/E120, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2348-7929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Photogrammetry, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstra\u00dfe 8\/E120, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4144-3409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gudrun","family":"Styhler-Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of History of Art, Building Archaeoloy and Restoration, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13\/E251, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0748-8689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Hochreiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mechanics of Materials and Structures (IMWS), Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13\/202, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3619-7074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Herbig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of History of Art, Building Archaeoloy and Restoration, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13\/E251, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"D\u00f6ring-Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of History of Art, Building Archaeoloy and Restoration, Vienna University of Technology, Karlsplatz 13\/E251, 1040 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Eberhardsteiner, J., Winter, W., Fadai, A., and P\u00f6ll, M. (2016). The Vienna Roof Register\u2014Investigating Historic Wooden Roof Structures in Vienna\u2019s City Centre, TU-Verlag. WCTE 2016 e-book."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Liebich, H.A. (2021). Dachwerke der Wiener Innenstadt. Konstruktion\u2014Typologie\u2014Bestand, \u00d6sterreichische Denkmaltopographie 4, Verlag Berger."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Vosselman, G., and Maas, H.G. (2010). Airborne and Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Whittles Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.08.021","article-title":"\u2018Structure-from-Motion\u2019 photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications","volume":"179","author":"Westoby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2014.01.010","article-title":"Multi-image photogrammetry as a practical tool for cultural heritage survey and community engagement","volume":"43","author":"McCarthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Chandler, J., and Buckley, S. (2016). Structure from Motion (SFM) Photogrammetry vs. Terrestrial Laser Scanning, American Geosciences Institute."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2018.10.009","article-title":"Professional SfM and TLS vs a simple SfM photogrammetry for 3D modelling of rock art and radiance scaling shading in engraving detection","volume":"37","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.105391","article-title":"Using the scanners and drone for comparison of point cloud accuracy at traffic accident analysis","volume":"135","author":"Kamnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexiou, S., Deligiannakis, G., Pallikarakis, A., Papanikolaou, I., Psomiadis, E., and Reicherter, K. (2021). Comparing High Accuracy t-LiDAR and UAV-SfM Derived Point Clouds for Geomorphological Change Detection. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi10060367"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.08.007","article-title":"3D reconstruction of as-built industrial instrumentation models from laser-scan data and a 3D CAD database based on prior knowledge","volume":"49","author":"Son","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2013.10.023","article-title":"Building Information Modeling (BIM) for existing buildings\u2014Literature review and future needs","volume":"38","author":"Volk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13451","article-title":"A Survey of Simple Geometric Primitives Detection Methods for Captured 3D Data","volume":"38","author":"Kaiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Graph. Forum"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"7","article-title":"3D Industrial Reconstruction by Fitting CSG Modles to a Combination of Images and Point Clouds","volume":"35","author":"Rabbani","year":"2004","journal-title":"ISPRS Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3722\/cadaps.2010.349-360","article-title":"As-built 3D modeling of large facilities based on interactive feature editing","volume":"7","author":"Masuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.64","article-title":"A Framework for Automatic Modeling from Point Cloud Data","volume":"35","author":"Poullis","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.03.017","article-title":"Automatic reconstruction of fully volumetric 3D building models from oriented point clouds","volume":"151","author":"Ochmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"25","article-title":"Ancient Structures and New Technologies: Survey and Digital Representation of the Wooden Dome of SS. Giovanni E Paolo in Venice","volume":"II-5","author":"Balletti","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4265","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-015-0786-0","article-title":"Algorithm for the analysis of the geometric properties of cross-sections of timber beams with lack of material from LIDAR data","volume":"49","author":"Cabaleiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-2-W2-195-2017","article-title":"Automated Reconstruction of Historic Roof Structures from Point clouds\u2014Development and Examples","volume":"IV-2\/W2","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote. Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4995\/var.2018.8855","article-title":"Digital reconstruction of historic roof structures: Developing a workflow for a highly automated analysis","volume":"9","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virtual Archaeol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murtiyoso, A., and Grussenmeyer, P. (2020). Virtual Disassembling of Historical Edifices: Experiments and Assessments of an Automatic Approach for Classifying Multi-Scalar Point Clouds into Architectural Elements. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082161"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Eberhardsteiner, J., Winter, W., Fadai, A., and P\u00f6ll, M. (2016). The historic roof structures of the Vienna Hofburg: An innovative interdisciplinary approach in architectural sciences laying ground for structural modeling. World Conference of Timber Engineering, TU Verlag. WCTE 2016 e-book."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Schwarz, M. (2016). Das Dachwerk der Kirche St. Michael in Wien\u2014Baudokumentation und Bauanalyse, Verlag der \u00d6sterreichischen, Akademie der Wissenschaften. Die Wiener Hofburg im Mittelalter. Von der Kastellburg bis zu den Anf\u00e4ngen der Kaiserresidenz."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-019-09320-4","article-title":"Computational Methods of Acquisition and Processing of 3D Point Cloud Data for Construction Applications","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rashidi, M., Mohammadi, M., Sadeghlou, K., Abdolvand, M.M., Truong-Hong, L., and Samali, B. (2020). A Decade of Modern Bridge Monitoring Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning: Review and Future Directions. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223796"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121791","article-title":"A method for registration of 3-D shapes","volume":"14","author":"Besl","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2021, September 20). Riegl (VZ-2000i Terrestrial Laser Scanner). Available online: http:\/\/www.riegl.com\/nc\/products\/terrestrial-scanning\/produktdetail\/product\/scanner\/58\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2021, September 20). RiScanPRO (Version 2.0). Available online: http:\/\/www.riegl.com\/products\/software-packages\/riscan-pro\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2013.11.002","article-title":"OPALS\u2014A framework for Airborne Laser Scanning data analysis","volume":"45","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2021, September 16). OPALS Data Manager (ODM) (Version 2.3.2). Available online: https:\/\/opals.geo.tuwien.ac.at\/html\/stable\/ref_odm.html."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Van Rossum, G., and Drake, F.L. (1995). Python Tutorial, Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2021, September 22). ASPRS LAS File Format (Version 1.4). Available online: https:\/\/www.asprs.org\/divisions-committees\/lidar-division\/laser-las-file-format-exchange-activities."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276407","article-title":"Direct visibility of point sets","volume":"26","author":"Katz","year":"2007","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1090\/S0025-5718-98-00974-0","article-title":"The approximation power of moving least-squares","volume":"67","author":"Levin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Math. Comput."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.103.043","article-title":"Least-Squares Fitting Algorithms of the NIST Algorithm Testing System","volume":"103","author":"Shakarji","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1145\/358669.358692","article-title":"Random sample consensus: A paradigm for model fitting with applications to image analysis and automated cartography","volume":"24","author":"Fischler","year":"1981","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1145\/142920.134011","article-title":"Surface reconstruction from unorganized points","volume":"21","author":"Hoppe","year":"1992","journal-title":"ACM SIG-GRAPH Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1983.1056714","article-title":"On the shape of a set of points in the plane","volume":"29","author":"Edelsbrunner","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2021, October 14). DXF Open Data Exchange Format (Version AC1014). Available online: https:\/\/knowledge.autodesk.com\/support\/autocad\/learn-explore\/caas\/CloudHelp\/cloudhelp\/2019\/ENU\/AutoCAD-Core\/files\/GUID-D4242737-58BB-47A5-9B0E-1E3DE7E7D647-htm.html."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"STEP (2021, October 14). Industrial Automation Systems and Integration\u2014Product Data Representation and Exchange. (Version ISO 10303-21:2016), Available online: https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/preservation\/digital\/formats\/fdd\/fdd000448.shtml."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"3D data management: Controlling data volume, velocity and variety","volume":"6","author":"Laney","year":"2001","journal-title":"META Group Res. Note"}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/8\/1\/10\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:14:56Z","timestamp":1760364896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/8\/1\/10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging8010010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging8010010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]}}}