{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T14:45:28Z","timestamp":1770821128196,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Space-borne infrared remote sensing specifically for the detection and characterization of fires has a long history in the DLR Institute of Optical Sensor Systems. In the year 2001, the first DLR experimental satellite, Bi-spectral Infrared Detection (BIRD), was launched after an intensive test period with cooled IR sensor systems on airborne systems. The main basis for the development of the FireBIRD mission with the two satellites, Technology Erprobungstr\u00e4ger No 1 (TET-1) and Bi-spectral-Infrared Optical System (BIROS), was the already space-proven sensor and satellite technology with successfully tested algorithms for fire detection and quantification in the form of the so-called fire radiation power (FRP). This paper summarizes the development principles for the IR sensor system of FireBIRD and the most critical design elements of the TET-1 and BIROS satellites, especially concerning the attitude control system\u2014all very essential tools for high-resolution infrared fire monitoring. Key innovative tools necessary to increase the agility of small IR satellites are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8020049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T21:36:24Z","timestamp":1645047384000},"page":"49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Small Satellite Tools for High-Resolution Infrared Fire Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Fischer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"Halle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"S\u00e4uberlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5836-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olaf","family":"Frauenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DLR, Institute for Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Woldegker Chaussee 35, 17235 Neustrelitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maik","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astro- und Feinwerktechnik Adlershof GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 12, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Oertel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astro- und Feinwerktechnik Adlershof GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 12, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5962-3590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Terzibaschian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160210154010","article-title":"Fire recognition potential of the Bi-spectral Infrared Detection (BIRD) satellite","volume":"24","author":"Briess","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.09.019","article-title":"Spaceborne detection and characterization of fires during the bi-spectral infrared detection (BIRD) experimental small satellite mission (2001\u20132004)","volume":"100","author":"Zhukov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Terzibaschian, T., Lorenz, E., B\u00e4rwald, W., and Halle, W. (2013). FireBird Mission Requirement Document, DLR, Institut f\u00fcr Optische Sensorsysteme."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Oertel, D., Zhukov, B., Wooster, M., Tank, V., Lorenz, E., Holzer-Popp, T., Goldammer, J., Martinez, S., and Siegert, F. (2005). ECOFIRE\u2014Study on Scientific Assessment of Space-Borne High Temperature Event Observing Mission Concepts, German Aerospace Center (DLR). + Report on Work Task 350."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"GEC Marconi INRA-RED (1996). 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(Aktenzeichen 20 2014 004 792.8)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/8\/2\/49\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:21:08Z","timestamp":1760134868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/8\/2\/49"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging8020049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging8020049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]}}}