{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:11:55Z","timestamp":1769526715678,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["20H05957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H05957"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes an objective glossiness index for objects in halftone color images. In the proposed index, we consider the characteristics of the human visual system (HVS) and associate the image\u2019s structure distortion and statistical information. According to the difference in the number of strategies adopted by the HVS in judging the difference between images, it is divided into single and multi-strategy modeling. In this study, we advocate multiple strategies to determine glossy or non-glossy quality. We assumed that HVS used different visual mechanisms to evaluate glossy and non-glossy objects. For non-glossy images, the image structure dominated, so the HVS tried to use structural information to judge distortion (a strategy based on structural distortion detection). For glossy images, the glossy appearance dominated; thus, the HVS tried to search for the glossiness difference (an appearance-based strategy). Herein, we present an index for glossiness assessment that attempts to explicitly model the structural dissimilarity and appearance distortion. We used the contrast sensitivity function to account for the mechanism of halftone images when viewed by the human eye. We estimated the structure distortion for the first strategy by using local luminance and contrast masking; meanwhile, local statistics changing in the spatial frequency components for skewness and standard deviation were used to estimate the appearance distortion for the second strategy. Experimental results showed that these two mixed-distortion measurement strategies performed well in consistency with the subjective ratings of glossiness in halftone color images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8030059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:47:17Z","timestamp":1645994837000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Glossiness Index of Objects in Halftone Color Images Based on Structure and Appearance Distortion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1782-524X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Midori","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Global and Transdisciplinary Studies, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8197-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiko","family":"Horiuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"An Adaptive Algorithm for Spatial Grey Scale","volume":"17","author":"Floyd","year":"1975","journal-title":"Soc. 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