{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:16:01Z","timestamp":1771337761163,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automatic dating tools for historical documents can greatly assist paleographers and save them time and effort. This paper describes a novel method for estimating the date of historical Arabic documents that employs hierarchical fusions of multiple features. A set of traditional features and features extracted by a residual network (ResNet) are fused in a hierarchical approach using joint sparse representation. To address noise during the fusion process, a new approach based on subsets of multiple features is being considered. Following that, supervised and unsupervised classifiers are used for classification. We show that using hierarchical fusion based on subsets of multiple features in the KERTAS dataset can produce promising results and significantly improve the results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8030060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T08:17:03Z","timestamp":1646122623000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hierarchical Fusion Using Subsets of Multi-Features for Historical Arabic Manuscript Dating"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kalthoum","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0241-2899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somaya","family":"Al-Maadeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7175-4326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younes","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"A case study on the System for Paleographic Inspections (SPI): Challenges and new developments","volume":"196","author":"Aiolli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. 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