{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:01:00Z","timestamp":1779339660205,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main objective of this paper was to demonstrate the capability of dedicated small satellite infrared sensors with cooled quantum detectors, such as those successfully utilized three times in Germany\u2019s pioneering BIRD and FireBIRD small satellite infrared missions, in the quantitative characterization of high-temperature events such as wildfires. The Bi-spectral Infrared Detection (BIRD) mission was launched in October 2001. The space segment of FireBIRD consists of the small satellites Technologie Erprobungs-Tr\u00e4ger (TET-1), launched in July 2012, and Bi-spectral InfraRed Optical System (BIROS), launched in June 2016. These missions also significantly improved the scientific understanding of space-borne fire monitoring with regard to climate change. The selected examples compare the evaluation of quantitative characteristics using data from BIRD or FireBIRD and from the operational polar orbiting IR sensor systems MODIS, SLSTR and VIIRS. Data from the geostationary satellite \u201cHimawari-8\u201d were compared with FireBIRD data, obtained simultaneously. The geostationary Meteosat Third Generation-Imager (MTG-I) is foreseen to be launched at the end of 2022. In its application to fire, the MTG-I\u2019s Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) will provide related spectral bands at ground sampling distances (GSD) of 3.8 \u00b5m and 10.5 \u00b5m at the sub-satellite point (SSP) of 1 km or 2 km, depending on the used FCI imaging mode. BIRD wildfire data, obtained over Africa and Portugal, were used to simulate the fire detection and monitoring capability of MTG-I\/FCI. A new quality of fire monitoring is predicted, if the 1 km resolution wildfire data from MTG-1\/FCI are used together with the co-located fire data acquired by the polar orbiting Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and possibly prospective FireBIRD-type compact IR sensors flying on several small satellites in various low Earth orbits (LEOs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8030078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:30:14Z","timestamp":1647811814000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Capabilities of Dedicated Small Satellite Infrared Missions for the Quantitative Characterization of Wildfires"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Winfried","family":"Halle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Oertel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astro- und Feinwerktechnik Adlershof GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 12, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Zhukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 84\/32 Ul. Profsojusnaja, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Csiszar, I. (2008). ECV T13: Fire Disturbance, Assessment of the Status of the Development of Standards for the Terrestrial Essential Climate Variables, University of Maryland. Global Terrestrial Observation System (GTOS)\u2014Draft Report, Rome."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160210154010","article-title":"Fire recognition potential of the Bi-spectral Infrared Detection (BIRD) satellite","volume":"24","author":"Briess","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. 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Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Journal of Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/8\/3\/78\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:38:54Z","timestamp":1760135934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2313-433X\/8\/3\/78"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jimaging8030078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging8030078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-433X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-433X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]}}}