{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:27:36Z","timestamp":1775737656829,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a family of anticancer drugs in which the immune response elicited against the tumor may involve other organs, including the heart. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is increasingly used in the diagnostic work-up of myocardial inflammation; recently, several studies investigated the use of CMR in patients with ICI-myocarditis (ICI-M). The aim of the present systematic review is to summarize the available evidence on CMR findings in ICI-M. We searched electronic databases for relevant publications; after screening, six studies were selected, including 166 patients from five cohorts, and further 86 patients from a sub-analysis that were targeted for a tissue mapping assessment. CMR revealed mostly preserved left ventricular ejection fraction; edema prevalence ranged from 9% to 60%; late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) prevalence ranged from 23% to 83%. T1 and T2 mapping assessment were performed in 108 and 104 patients, respectively. When available, the comparison of CMR with endomyocardial biopsy revealed partial agreement between techniques and was higher for native T1 mapping amongst imaging biomarkers. The prognostic assessment was inconsistently assessed; CMR variables independently associated with the outcome included decreasing LVEF and increasing native T1. In conclusion, CMR findings in ICI-M include myocardial dysfunction, edema and fibrosis, though less evident than in more classic forms of myocarditis; native T1 mapping retained the higher concordance with EMB and significant prognostic value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8040099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T11:26:07Z","timestamp":1649157967000},"page":"99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Immune Check-Point Inhibitor Myocarditis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1410-6845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Arcari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Madre Giuseppina Vannini Hospital, 00177 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8520-152X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Tini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza-University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Camastra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Madre Giuseppina Vannini Hospital, 00177 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Ciolina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Madre Giuseppina Vannini Hospital, 00177 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza-University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domitilla","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza-University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9285-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damiano","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza-University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Danti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Madre Giuseppina Vannini Hospital, 00177 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Cacciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Madre Giuseppina Vannini Hospital, 00177 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.07.045","article-title":"Bench to Bedside PD-1 Blockers","volume":"162","author":"Wolchok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.59.4358","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Therapy","volume":"33","author":"Postow","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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