{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T02:27:26Z","timestamp":1781749646040,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ince\u2013Gaussian beams, defined as a solution to a wave equation in elliptical coordinates, have shown great advantages in applications such as optical communication, optical trapping and optical computation. However, to ingress these applications, a compact and scalable method for generating these beams is required. Here, we present a simple method that satisfies the above requirement, and is capable of generating arbitrary Ince\u2013Gaussian beams and their superposed states through a computer-generated hologram of size 1 mm2, fabricated on an azocarbazole polymer film. Other structural beams that can be derived from the Ince\u2013Gaussian beam were also successfully generated by changing the elliptical parameters of the Ince\u2013Gaussian beam. The orthogonality relations between different Ince\u2013Gaussian modes were investigated in order to verify applicability in an optical communication regime. The complete python source code for computing the Ince\u2013Gaussian beams and their holograms are also provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8050144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T09:18:08Z","timestamp":1653124688000},"page":"144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Generation of Ince\u2013Gaussian Beams Using Azocarbazole Polymer CGH"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9283-6299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumit Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor\u2019s Program of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8315-1546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honoka","family":"Haginaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bachelor\u2019s Program of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0772-9681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boaz Jessie","family":"Jackin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Innovation Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4342-3516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Kinashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8835-1347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoto","family":"Tsutsumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0255-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wataru","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.29.000144","article-title":"Ince\u2013Gaussian beams","volume":"29","author":"Bandres","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. 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