{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T21:12:43Z","timestamp":1762377163092,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Imaging"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The potential of any multi-analytical and non-invasive approach to the study of cultural heritage, both for conservation and scientific investigation purposes, is gaining increasing interest, and it was tested in this paper, focusing on the panel painting Madonna della Tenda (Musei Reali, Turin), identified as a 16th-century copy of the painting by Raffaello Sanzio. As a part of a broader diagnostic campaign carried out at the Centro Conservazione e Restauro, La Venaria Reale in Turin, Italy, the potential of the combination of X-ray radiography, pulse-compression thermography, macro X-ray fluorescence, and IR reflectography was tested to investigate the wooden support and all the preparatory phases for the realization of the painting. The results of the optical microscopy and SEM\/EDS analyses on a multi-layered micro-sample were used for a precise comparison, integration, and\/or confirmation of what was suggested by the non-invasive techniques. Particularly, the radiographic and thermographic techniques allowed for an in-depth study of a hole, interestingly present on the panel\u2019s back surface, detecting the trajectory of the wood grain and confirming the presence of an old wood knot, as well as of a tau-shaped element\u2014potentially a cracked and unfilled area of the wooden support\u2014near the hollow. The combination of radiography, macro X-ray fluorescence, Near Infrared (NIR), and Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) reflectography allowed for an inspection of the ground layer, imprimitura, engravings, and underdrawing, not only revealing interesting technical-executive aspects of the artwork realization, but also highlighting the advantages of an integrated reading of data obtained from the different analytical techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging8060150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T22:04:06Z","timestamp":1653429846000},"page":"150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["IR Reflectography, Pulse-Compression Thermography, MA-XRF, and Radiography: A Full-Thickness Study of a 16th-Century Panel Painting Copy of Raphael"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-6170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Cavaleri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Conservazione e Restauro dei Beni Culturali \u201cLa Venaria Reale\u201d, Via XX Settembre, 18, Venaria Reale, 13473 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Economia, Ingegneria, Societ\u00e0 e Impresa, Universit\u00e0 della Tuscia, Via del Paradiso, 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1338-5267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Pelosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Economia, Ingegneria, Societ\u00e0 e Impresa, Universit\u00e0 della Tuscia, Via del Paradiso, 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1938-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Modelling, Electronics and Systems Engineering, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87100 Cosenza, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7283-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Laureti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Modelling, Electronics and Systems Engineering, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, 87100 Cosenza, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4932-4455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Paolo","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze per il Patrimonio Culturale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISPC-CNR), Sezione di Catania, Via Biblioteca, 4, 95124 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6608-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Caliri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze per il Patrimonio Culturale del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISPC-CNR), Sezione di Catania, Via Biblioteca, 4, 95124 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Conservazione e Restauro dei Beni Culturali \u201cLa Venaria Reale\u201d, Via XX Settembre, 18, Venaria Reale, 13473 Turin, Italy"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"De Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Conservazione e Restauro dei Beni Culturali \u201cLa Venaria Reale\u201d, Via XX Settembre, 18, Venaria Reale, 13473 Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6349-914X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Gargano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics \u201cAldo Pontremoli\u201d, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20016 Milan, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bava, A., and Villano, S. 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